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1.
J Clin Immunol ; 34(4): 504-13, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24682667

RESUMO

Little is known about the neutralizing antibodies induced in HIV-1 patients on antiretroviral treatment, which constitute an interesting group of individuals with improved B cell profile. Plasma samples from 34 HIV-1 seropositive antiretroviral drug treated (ART) patients were tested for neutralization against a panel of 14 subtype-A, B and C tier 1 and tier 2 viruses in TZM-bl assay. Of the 34 plasma samples, remarkably all the plasma samples were able to neutralize at least one virus while 32 (94 %) were found to neutralize ≥50 % viruses tested. In terms of overall neutralization frequency, approximately 86 %, 68 % and 17 % of the virus/plasma combinations showed 50 % neutralizing activity at 1 > 60, 1 ≥ 200 and 1 ≥ 2000 dilutions respectively. The improvement in neutralizing activity was shown to be associated with ART in two follow up patients. The neutralization of viruses by two representative plasma samples, AIIMS221 and AIIMS265, was exclusively mediated by immunoglobulin G fractions independent of ART drugs and IgG retained cross-reactive binding to recombinant gp120 proteins. We observed a positive trend of neutralization with duration of ART (p = 0.06), however no such correlation was found with clinical and immunological variables like CD4 count (p = 0.35), viral load (p = 0.09) and plasma total IgG (p = 0.46). Our study suggests that the plasma antibodies from ART patients display high neutralizing activity most likely due to an improved B cell function induced by ART despite low antigenic stimulation.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Adulto , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes de Neutralização , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Carga Viral
2.
Br J Cancer ; 109(5): 1367-72, 2013 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23900216

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested an association between poor oral health and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We conducted a case-control study in Kashmir, a region with relatively high incidence of ESCC in north India, to investigate the association between oral hygiene and ESCC risk. METHODS: We recruited 703 histologically confirmed ESCC cases, and 1664 controls individually matched to the cases for age, sex, and district of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We found an inverse association between teeth cleaning and ESCC risk. As compared with never cleaning teeth, the OR (95% CI) was 0.41 (0.28-0.62) for cleaning less than daily and 0.44 (0.25-0.77) for cleaning at least once a day (P for trend=0.026) in models adjusted for multiple potential confounders, including several indicators of socioeconomic status. This association persisted after we limited our analyses to never tobacco users. The inverse association between cleaning teeth and ESCC was stronger with using brushes than with using sticks/fingers. We also found an association between the number of decayed, filled, and missing teeth and ESCC risk, but the trend of the associations was not statistically significant. Avoiding solid food and cold beverages because of teeth and oral problems were also associated with ESCC risk. CONCLUSION: We found an association between poor oral hygiene indicators and ESCC risk, supporting the previous studies that showed the same associations.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiologia , Saúde Bucal , Higiene Bucal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Índia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Perda de Dente/epidemiologia
3.
Br J Cancer ; 107(9): 1618-23, 2012 Oct 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23033008

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), there is little information about the association between other smoking and smokeless tobacco products, including hookah and nass, and ESCC risk. We conducted a case-control study in Kashmir Valley, India, where hookah smoking, nass chewing, and ESCC are common, to investigate the association of hookah smoking, nass use, and several other habits with ESCC. METHODS: We recruited 702 histologically confirmed ESCC cases and 1663 hospital-based controls, individually matched to the cases for age, sex, and district of residence from September 2008 to January 2012. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Ever-hookah smoking (OR=1.85; 95% CI, 1.41-2.44) and nass chewing (OR=2.88; 95% CI, 2.06-4.04) were associated with ESCC risk. These associations were consistent across different measures of use, including intensity, duration, and cumulative amount of use, and after excluding ever users of the other product and cigarette smokers. Our results also suggest an increased risk of ESCC associated with ever-gutka chewing and -bidi smoking. However, the latter associations were based on small number of participants. CONCLUSION: This study shows that hookah and nass use are associated with ESCC risk. As prevalence of hookah use seems to be increasing among young people worldwide, these results may have relevance not only for the regions in which hookah use has been a traditional habit, but also for other regions, including western countries.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiologia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias Esofágicas/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos
4.
BMC Vet Res ; 8: 12, 2012 Jan 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22293088

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: No clinical trials have been conducted in India on the efficacy of parenteral antibacterials to treat footrot in sheep. In addition, there are no studies worldwide on the efficacy of parenteral antibacterials to treat chronic footrot. Sixty two sheep with acute footrot and 30 sheep with chronic footrot from 7 villages in Kashmir, India were recruited into two separate trials. Sheep with acute footrot were allocated to one of three treatments using stratified random sampling: long acting parenteral oxytetracycline, long acting parenteral enrofloxacin and topical application of potassium permanganate solution (a traditional treatment used by sheep farmers in India). In a quasi pre-post intervention design, sheep with chronic footrot that had not responded to treatment with potassium permanaganate were randomly allocated to treatment with one of the two parenteral antibacterials mentioned above. Sheep with acute footrot were treated on day 0 and those with chronic footrot on days 0, 3, 6 and 9. Sheep were monitored for up to 28 days after treatment. Time to recovery from lameness and initial healing of lesions was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, nonparametric log-rank and Wilcoxon sign-rank tests. RESULTS: There was significant correlation in recovery from lameness and presence of healing lesions in sheep with acute (r = 0.94) or chronic (r = 0.98) footrot. Sheep with acute footrot which were treated with parenteral antibacterials had a significantly more rapid recovery from lameness and had healing lesions (median = 7 days) compared with those treated with topical potassium permanganate solution (less than 50% recovered in 28 days). The median time to recovery in sheep with chronic footrot treated with either antibacterial was 17 days; this was significantly lower than the median of 75 days lame before treatment with antibacterials. The median time to recovery for both acute and chronic footrot increased as the severity of lesions increased. There was no difference in time to recovery by age, body condition score, duration lame, or presence of pus in the foot within acute and chronically affected sheep. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that use of parenteral antibacterials to treat sheep lame with either acute or chronic footrot in India is highly effective. This is likely to improve welfare and give economic benefits to the farmers.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Pé/veterinária , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Enrofloxacina , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Pé/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Pé/epidemiologia , Índia/epidemiologia , Coxeadura Animal , Masculino , Oxitetraciclina/administração & dosagem , Permanganato de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia
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