[Validation of the Russian version of the modified Addenbrooke's cognitive examination for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis]. / Validizatsiia russkoiazychnoi versii modifitsirovannoi Addenbrukskoi kognitivnoi shkaly dlia diagnostiki bolezni Al'tsgeimera.

AIM: To evaluate the validity of the Russian version of the modified Addenbrooke's cognitive examination (ACE-m) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ACE-m and MMSE, as a comparison scale, were administered to 78 patients including 49 patients with AD and 29 healthy people. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ACE-m demonstrated the high validity in the diagnosis of dementia in AD. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. ACE-m is a brief and simple in use test that measures a wide spectrum of cognitive functions, gives a general impression about cognitive deficit and diagnoses dementia in AD with the greater validity compared to MMSE. This scale is useful not only in diagnosis of AD but also in differentiation with other causes of dementia.

[Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging features of patients with mixed dementia]. / Neiropsikhologicheskaia i neirovizualizatsionnaia kharakteristika smeshannoi dementsii.

Objective. Mixed dementia (MD), characterized by a combination of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease, is one of the most common and, at the same time, poorly diagnosed forms of dementia in the elderly. The aim of our study was to investigate features of AD with its combination with cerebrovascular disease on the basis of clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging data. Material and methods. Authors examined 79 patients with dementia: 30 patients with AD, 33 patients with MD and 16 patients with vascular dementia. Patients with MD were older, had more often frontal gait disorders (48.5%), postural instability (45%), pseudobulbar syndrome (60%). Results and conclusion. The neuropsychological profile of patients with MD had mixed amnestic-dysexecutive character and, depending on the severity of vascular pathology, in some cases was closer to AD and in others to vascular dementia. A negative effect of vascular risk factors on medial temporal atrophy was found. Neuroimaging changes in MD were correlated with clinical manifestations. Proposed approaches to the diagnosis of MD help to determine more precisely the main directions of the treatment of patients and predict the course of the disease.

[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]. / Tserebral'naia amiloidnaia angiopatiia.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of Β-amyloid protein in the media and adventitia of small arteries and capillaries. It may be an independent disease, but is often combined with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will discuss up-to-date understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of CAA, its diagnosis with neuroimaging and biomarkers. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) may be considered as neuroimaging markers of AD and CAA. The clinical significance of CAA is defined by the risk of intracerebral hemorrhages during thrombolytic therapy and warfarin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke.

[Cerebral microbleeds in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases].

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a kind of the morphological changes of the brain associated with damage to small cerebral arteries detected on GRE MRI as small, round, well-defined, hypointense lesions, sized 3-10 mm, which indicate the deposition of hemosiderin. CMBs can be detected in cerebral microangiopathy of different origins (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hypertensive arteriopathy, vasculitis, hereditary angiopathy) and may be a predictor of macrobleeds. This article discusses the clinical significance of CMBs in cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive disorders as well as the possibility of using antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in patients with CMBs.

[Neuroprotective potential of akatinol-memantine in ischemic stroke].

NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity considered as a main cause of neuronal death after stroke. Memantine is a non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. This article reviews the recent results of experimental studies on the efficacy of memantine as an add-on to improve the safety of thrombolytic therapy.

[Dementia with Lewy bodies].

Current concepts on the clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), that makes up 10% percent of dementia cases, are considered. The nosological status of DLB and the correlation between DLB and Parkinson's disease are reviewed in the historical context. The authors suggest approaches to the formulation of diagnosis and coding of DLB in according to ICD-10. A role of cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotic drugs, levodopa, razagiline and other drugs in the treatment of DLB is analyzed.

[The optimization of using levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: results of the OPTIMA study].

The objective of this multicenter observational study "Optimization levodopa therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease" (OPTIMA) was to evaluate the current practice of prescribing levodopa to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by general practitioners and specialists in the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders in Russia. The study included 763 patients with PD, stages from I to V according to Hoehn and Yahr staging of PD. Patients were randomized into three groups. Group I included 230 patients not previously treated with levodopa who needed treatment with this drug due to the motor deficit progression. Group 2 consisted of 262 patients treated with levodopa/carbidopa (nakom) who needed higher doses or the dose redistribution. Group 3 included 271 patients treated earlier with other levodopa preparations and currently needed treatment with levodopa/carbidopa (nakom). Primary symptoms of parkinsonism, motor deficit (motor fluctuations, dyskinesia) and non-motor symptoms (depression) were reduced after the beginning of treatment as well as after the increase in doses. The results revealed that the addition of levodopa/carbidopa can improve daily activities with the low risk of side-effects.

[Efficacy of mexidol in the combination with thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke].

Comparative efficiency of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (Mexidol) in combination with thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke was studied in 116 patients. All patients divided into 2 groups: group (46 patients) received thrombolysis with mexidol and group (70 patients) received thrombolysis with standard therapy. These results showed that the synergy this one therapy leads to significantly faster normalize acute indicators, which correlated with the degree of reduction the neurological deficiency. Thus, the results showed that the synergistic therapy creates the conditions not only for the restoration of neurological status, but also to prevent secondary brain damage.