Burned spinal cord in acidotic cerebrospinal fluid during subarachnoid hemorrhage: Experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of carotid body ischemia-induced cerebrospinal fluid acidosis on spinal cord during subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Twenty-three hybrid rabbits were divided into three groups: control (n = 5), Sham (injected with 0.5 ml isotonic) (n = 6), and the SAH (n = 12) (injected with 0.5 ml autologous blood into the 4th ventricle) and then monitored for 3 weeks. Cerebrospinal fluid pH and degenerated ependymal cell density and volume of cervical central canal were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean cervical central canal volumes, degenerated ependymal cells densities, and cerebrospinal pH values were 1.056 ± 0.053 mm3-6 ± 2 per mm2-7.342 ± 0.034, 1.321 ± 0.12 mm3-35 ± 9 per mm2-7.314 ± 0.056, and 1.743 ± 0.245 mm3-159 ± 24 per mm2-7.257 ± 0.049 in the Control, Sham, and SAH groups, respectively. The more degenerated carotid body neuron density induced decreased cerebrospinal fluid pH values (p < 0.0001) could result in the more ependymal cells desquamation (p < 0.0005) and central canal dilatation (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Increased neurodegeneration of carotid bodies can reduce cause cerebrospinal fluid pH-induced ependymal cell degeneration and central canal dilatation following SAH.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la isquemia inducida del cuerpo carotideo por la acídosis de líquido cefalorraquídeo en la médula espinal durante una hemorragia subaracnoidea (SAH). METODO: Conejos híbridos (n = 23) fueron divididos en Control (n = 5), Sham (inyectados con 0.5 mil de solución isotónica) (n = 6), y SAH (n = 12) (inyectados en el 4º ventrículo con 0.5 ml de sangre autológa) y monitoreados por tres semanas. Se analizaron: El pH del líquido cerebro espinal, la densidad de las células ependimarias y el volúmen del canal cervical central. RESULTADOS: La media del volumen del canal cervical central, la densidad de las células ependimarias degeneradas y los valores de pH fueron 1.056 + 0.053 mm3-6 + 2 per mm2-7.342 + 0.034, 1.321 + 0.12 mm3-35 + 9 per mm2-7.314 + 0.056 y 1.743 + 0.245 mm3-159 + 24 per mm2-7.257 + 0.049 en los grupos Control, Sham y SHA, respectivamente. La mayor densidad inducida de la neurona del cuerpo carotideo degenerado, disminuyó los valores de pH del líquido cefalorraquideo lo que podría dar como resultado un aumento en la descamación de las células ependimarias asi como la dilatación del canal central. CONCLUSIÓN: Un aumento en la neurodegeneración del cuerpo carotideo puede reducir la degeneración de los ependimocitos y la dilatacióm del canal central siguiendo SAH.

Therapeutic effects of syringaldehyde on spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of syringaldehyde (SA) on the antioxidant and oxidant system in spinal cord ischemia (SCI). METHODS: These study and experiments were conducted at Medical Research Center, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey, between 2014-2018. Eighteen New Zealand White adult male rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the spinal cord tissues. Degenerated neurons, hemorrhage and in ammatory cell migration in the spinal cord were investigated histopathologically. Expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), caspase-3, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were evaluated immunohistochemically. Clinically, it was evaluated with modified Tarlov score. RESULTS: Biochemically, there was an expected decrease in SOD, CAT, and GPx enzyme activities in ischemia groups, there was also an increase in MPO activity at the same time. When the enzyme activities spinal cord ischemia/ reperfusion (SCI/R)+SA, control and SCI/R groups were compared, the difference was found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity levels were very low in ischemia group compared to the significant increase in the SA group (p less than 0.05). Histopathologically, when SCI/R and SCI/R+SA groups were compared, there were statistically significant differences in the number of degenerative neurons and amount of hemorrhage; this comparison shows the significance of treatment in terms of inflammatory cell migration (p less than 0.05). The expressions of nNOS, caspase-3, and NF-κB were found significantly increased in SCI/R group compared to the control group (p less than 0.05). Syringaldehyde treatment decreased nNOS, caspase-3, and NF-κB expressions immunohistochemically. Clinical evaluation showed improvement in the SA-treated group. CONCLUSION: Syringaldehyde therapy administered for protective purposes may reduce oxidative stress, degenerative changes and in ammatory cell migration in the ischemic spinal cord.Saudi Med J 2020; Vol. 41 (4): 341-350doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.4.24993 How to cite this article:Malçok UA,  Aras AB, Sehitoglu MH, Akman T, Yüksel Y. Therapeutic effects of syringaldehyde on spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Saudi Med J 2020; Vol. 41: 341-350. doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.4.24993.

Alveolar hydatid disease of the spine causing paraplegia.

Hydatid disease involving the vertebral body and paravertebral soft tissues is a rare disease with poor prognosis. We report a case of spinal cord compression caused by secondary extradural cysts.