Efficacy assessment of commercially available natural products and antibiotics, commonly used for mitigation of pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks in Ecuadorian Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei hatcheries.

Bacterial diseases cause high mortality in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei postlarvae. Therefore, appropriate application of efficient therapeutic products is of vital importance for disease control. This study evaluated through in vitro analyses the antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial therapeutic products used for P. vannamei bacterial diseases and antibiotics against pathogenic Vibrio strains circulating in Ecuadorian hatcheries. Twenty strains were isolated from 31 larvae samples with high bacterial counts from 10 hatcheries collected during mortality events. The strains virulence was verified through challenge tests with Artemia franciscana nauplii and P. vannamei postlarvae. Through 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strains showed a great similarity to the Vibrio sequences reported as pathogens, with 95% belonging to the Harveyi clade. Through antibiograms and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in vitro tests we found that furazolidone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, florfenicol, fosfomycin and enrofloxacin inhibited the growth of all or most of the strains. Less efficient antibiotics were penicillin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline. A multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.23 showed some level of resistance to antibiotics, with two MAR prevalent patterns (Penicillin-Oxytetracycline and Penicillin-Oxytetracycline-Tetracycline). From a total of 16 natural products (five probiotics, nine organic acids and two essential oils), only three (one probiotic, one organic acid and one essential oil) were effective to control most of the strains. Shrimp producers can apply relatively simple in vitro analyses, such as those employed in this study, to help take adequate management decisions to reduce the impact of bacterial diseases and increase profit.

Evaluación diagnóstica del nivel de desarrollo en niños identificados con riesgo de retraso mediante la prueba de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil / Diagnostic evaluation of the developmental level in children identified at risk of delay through the Child Development Evaluation Test

ResumenIntroducción: La prueba Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil (EDI), diseñada en México, clasifica a los niños de acuerdo con su desarrollo en desarrollo normal, rezago en el desarrollo y riesgo de retraso. La versión modificada se desarrolló y validó, pero no se conocen sus propiedades en base poblacional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la confirmación diagnóstica en niños de 16 a 59 meses identificados con riesgo de retraso por la prueba EDI.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de base poblacional en una entidad federativa de México. Se aplicó la prueba EDI a 11,455 niños de 16 a 59 meses, de diciembre de 2013 a marzo de 2014. Se consideró como población elegible al 6.2% (n = 714) que obtuvo como resultado riesgo de retraso. Para la inclusión en el estudio se realizó una aleatorización estratificada por bloques para sexo y grupo de edad. A cada participante se le realizó la evaluación diagnóstica utilizando el Inventario de Desarrollo de Battelle 2ª. edición.Resultados: De los 355 participantes incluidos, el 65.9% fue de sexo masculino y el 80.2% de medio rural. El 6.5% fueron falsos positivos (cociente total de desarrollo ¿ 90) y el 6.8% no tuvo ningún dominio con retraso (cociente de desarrollo de dominio < 80). Se calculó la proporción de retraso en las siguientes áreas: comunicación (82.5%), cognitivo (80.8%), personal-social (33.8%), motor (55.5%) y adaptativo (41.7%). Se observaron diferencias en los porcentajes de retraso por edad y dominio/subdominio evaluado.Conclusiones: Se corroboró la presencia de retraso en al menos un dominio evaluado por la prueba diagnóstica en el 93.2% de la población estudiada.

AbstractBackground: The Child Development Evaluation (or CDE Test) was developed in Mexico as a screening tool for child developmental problems. It yields three possible results: normal, slow development or risk of delay. The modified version was elaborated using the information obtained during the validation study but its properties according to the base population are not known. The objective of this work was to establish diagnostic confirmation of developmental delay in children 16- to 59-months of age previously identified as having risk of delay through the CDE Test in primary care facilities.Methods:A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in one Mexican state. CDE test was administered to 11,455 children 16- to 59-months of age from December/2013 to March/2014. The eligible population represented the 6.2% of the children (n = 714) who were identified at risk of delay through the CDE Test. For inclusion in the study, a block randomization stratified by sex and age group was performed. Each participant included in the study had a diagnostic evaluation using the Battelle Development Inventory, 2nd edition.Results: From the 355 participants included with risk of delay, 65.9% were male and 80.2% were from rural areas; 6.5% were false positives (Total Development Quotient ¿90) and 6.8% did not have any domain with delay (Domain Developmental Quotient <80). The proportion of delay for each domain was as follows: communication 82.5%; cognitive 80.8%; social-personal 33.8%; motor 55.5%; and adaptive 41.7%. There were significant differences in the percentages of delay both by age and by domain/subdomain evaluated.Conclusions: In 93.2% of the participants, developmental delay was corroborated in at least one domain evaluated.

[Diagnostic evaluation of the developmental level in children identified at risk of delay through the Child Development Evaluation Test]. / Evaluación diagnóstica del nivel de desarrollo en niños identificados con riesgo de retraso mediante la prueba de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil.

BACKGROUND: The Child Development Evaluation (or CDE Test) was developed in Mexico as a screening tool for child developmental problems. It yields three possible results: normal, slow development or risk of delay. The modified version was elaborated using the information obtained during the validation study but its properties according to the base population are not known. The objective of this work was to establish diagnostic confirmation of developmental delay in children 16- to 59-months of age previously identified as having risk of delay through the CDE Test in primary care facilities. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in one Mexican state. CDE test was administered to 11,455 children 16- to 59-months of age from December/2013 to March/2014. The eligible population represented the 6.2% of the children (n=714) who were identified at risk of delay through the CDE Test. For inclusion in the study, a block randomization stratified by sex and age group was performed. Each participant included in the study had a diagnostic evaluation using the Battelle Development Inventory, 2nd edition. RESULTS: From the 355 participants included with risk of delay, 65.9% were male and 80.2% were from rural areas; 6.5% were false positives (Total Development Quotient ˃90) and 6.8% did not have any domain with delay (Domain Developmental Quotient <80). The proportion of delay for each domain was as follows: communication 82.5%; cognitive 80.8%; social-personal 33.8%; motor 55.5%; and adaptive 41.7%. There were significant differences in the percentages of delay both by age and by domain/subdomain evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In 93.2% of the participants, developmental delay was corroborated in at least one domain evaluated.

Hernia diafragmática de bochdalek en el adulto: reporte de caso / Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia in the adult: case report

La hernia de Bochdalek es un defecto congénito de la región posterolateral del diafragma, frecuente en el recién nacido y raro en la edad adulta. En la revisión de la literatura mundial encontramos 130 casos reportados de hernia de Bochdalek en el adulto. El uso de la tomografía computarizada permite el diagnóstico correcto del tipo y localización de la hernia, lo cual facilitará su manejo y elección del tratamiento. La exploración mediante tomografía computarizada multicorte, con posibilidades de realizar reconstrucciones coronales y sagitales, debería ser considerada como método estándar para diagnosticar esta entidad. Para concluir, debemos resaltar que las hernias de Bochdalek en el adulto, asintomáticas, actualmente son descubiertas, en forma incidental, con mayor frecuencia gracias a los avances en las nuevas técnicas de imagen, permitiendo el diagnóstico acertado. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 33 años, sin sintomatología, que acude al servicio de imagenología del HOSPITAL GENERAL DE III-D.E, con una solicitud médica para trámites personales.

The Bochdalek hernia is a congenital defect localized in the posterior lateral section of the diaphragm, mostly found in newborns but rare in adulthood. In a revision of global literature, we found 130 reported cases of Bochdalek in adulthood. The use of computed tomography lets an accurate diagnosis of the type and the localization of the hernia that will facilitate its management and choice of treatment. Multislice computed tomography screening with the possibility to perform coronal and sagittal reconstructions should be considered as a standard method to diagnose this entity. To conclude, we should highlight that Bochdalek asymptomatic hernias are nowadays accidentally discovered mostly thanks to the technological breakthroughs in imaging, letting us an accurate diagnosis. We present a case study of a 33-year-old patient with no symptomatology who attended the imaging department at the GENERAL HOSPITAL OF III-D.E, with a medical form for personal issues.

Immunodetection of hemocytes, peneidins and α2-macroglobulin in the lymphoid organ of white spot syndrome virus infected shrimp.

Viral diseases restrict the development of the world shrimp industry and there are few studies on cell response to the presence of viral infections. We performed immunohistochemistry assays to characterize hemocytes subpopulations involved in the immune process occurring in the LO of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Tissue sections of animals that increased their LO spheroids and hemocytes infiltration after WSSV induced infection, were used. Three MABs namely, 40E10 (recognizing small granule hemocytes), 40E2 (recognizing large granule hemocytes), and 41B12, which recognize α(2)-macroglobulin were used. Additionally one polyclonal antibody was used against the penaeidins antimicrobial peptides, and to detect WSSV a commercial immunohistochemistry kit (DiagXotics) was used. Numerous small granule hemocytes were detected in the stromal matrix of LO tubules, whereas large granule hemocytes were less numerous and located mainly in hemal sinuses. The exocytosis of two molecules, which have been related to the phagocytosis process, i.e. penaeidins, and α(2)-macroglobulin, was detected in the external stromal matrix and the outer tubule walls. α(2) -macroglobulin inhibits phenoloxidase activity and its strong release in LO tissue may explain the absence of melanization in the immune processes occurring in it. The immunolabeling of vesicles within the LO spheroids with MABs 41B12 40E10 and antipenaedin antibody suggests that LOS are formed by phagocytic cells derived from small granule and hyaline hemocytes, with a possible role of peneidins and α(2)-macroglobulin acting as opsonines.

Prevalencia de Vibrio cholerae entre los habitantes de una comunidad posterior a una epidemia de cólera en el estado de Yucatán, México / Prevalence of Vibrio Cholerae among the population of a community following a cholera epidemic in the state of Yucatan, Mexico

Introducción. El cólera es un padecimiento infeccioso, producido por el Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), caracterizado por la aparición brusca de diarrea abundante, que puede producir deshidratación, choque hipovolemico y muerte en el transcurso de unas cuantas horas. Aparece en forma brusca o gradual dando lugar a grandes epidemias por su alto grado de infección. Material y método. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la existencia de portadores de V. cholerae en la población de Kuchel municipio de Samahil, tras un brote epidémico registrado en los últimos meses de 1995 en esta localidad. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 75 personas seleccionadas al azar, a las cuales se les tomó una muestra rectal de heces fecales con la ayuda de un hisopo estéril y se buscó la presencia de V. cholerae en TCBS y pruebas bioquímicas específicas. Resultados y Discusión. De todas las muestras tomadas, en ninguna se aisló V. cholerae. Esto se atribuye a la distribución domiciliaria de doxicilina por parte del Sector Salud del gobierno del Estado

Impacto de la educación antiparasitaria en la demanda de educación médica / Impact of antiparasitary education upon medical attention demand

Para evaluar el impacto de una estrategia de ducación antiparasitaria en la tasa de demanda de servicios por parasitosis intestinal, se midieron las consultas otorgadas en medicina familiar por parasitosis y las dosis de albendazol, un año antes y un año después de la eduación específica antiparasitaria. Se dieron 496 pláticas educativas dirigidas a escolares y madres. Asistieron en total 8945 personas. La tasa de consultas por parasitosis se redujo de 53 a 12 por 1000 derechohabientes (DH); y por ascaridiasis se redujo de 3.1 a 1.8 por 1000. Las dosis de albendazol se redujeron de 8503 a 3412. Se concluye que la educación específica antiparasitaria reduce la demanda de atención médica y la utilizació de albendazol. Se requiere en otro estudio comprobar el impacto sobr el resultado coproparasitoscópico