Serious Games: A new Approach to Foster Information and Practices About Covid-19?

The current Covid-19 pandemic poses an unprecedented global challenge in the field of education and training. As we have seen, the lack of proper information about the virus and its transmission has forced the general population and healthcare workers to rapidly acquire knowledge and learn new practices. Clearly, a well-informed population is more likely to adopt the correct precautionary measures, thus reducing the transmission of the infection; likewise, properly educated healthcare workers are better equipped to manage the emergency. However, the need to maintain physical distancing has made it impossible to provide in-presence information and training. In this regard, new technologies have proved to be an invaluable resource by facilitating distance learning. Indeed, e-learning offers significant advantages because it does not require the physical presence of learners and teachers. This innovative method applied to serious games has been considered potentially effective in enabling rapid and large-scale dissemination of information and learning through content interactivity. We will review studies that have observed the development and use of serious games to foster information and practices about Covid-19 aimed at promoting behavioral changes in the population and the healthcare personnel involved on the front line.

Comparative Effect of Beclomethasone Dipropionate and Cetirizine on Acoustic Rhinometry Parameters in Children With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effect of intranasal corticosteroids and oral antihistamines on acoustic rhinometry parameters has not been directly compared. The primary objective was to compare the effect of a 21-day course of treatment with nasal beclomethasone dipropionate (nBDP) with that of cetirizine (CTZ) on nasal patency measured using acoustic rhinometry in children with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). The secondary objective was to compare the effect of both drugs on nasal cytology, symptom severity, sleep quality, and quality of life. METHODS: In this 21-day, open-label, randomized controlled study, 34 children with PAR (age 6-14 years) with a Total 5-Symptom Score (T5SS) ≥5 received nBDP 100 µg per nostril twice daily or CTZ 10 mg tablets once daily. The measures of effect were the least square mean change (LSmc) in nasal volume, minimal cross-sectional area (MCA), and nasal cytology, as well as the scores on the T5SS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Paediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ). RESULTS: After 21 days, nBDP improved nasal volume and MCA more than CTZ (LSmc, 2.21 cm3 vs 0.20 cm3 [P=.013]; and LSmc 0.63 cm2 vs 0.13 cm2 [P=.002], respectively). Compared with the CTZ group, a more marked improvement was found in the nBDP group with respect to eosinophil classes (LSmc, -1.10 vs -0.40; P=.031) and neutrophil classes (LSmc, -0.97 vs -0.17; P=.010), T5SS (LSmc, -5.63 vs -3.54; P=.008), PSQI (LSmc, -1.30 vs -0.19; P=.025), and PRQLQ total scores (LSmc, -1.15 vs -0.69; P=.031). CONCLUSIONS: In children with PAR, nBDP is more effective than CTZ in improving nasal patency measured by acoustic rhinometry, with associated beneficial effects on nasal cytology, symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life.

Comparative effect of beclomethasone dipropionate and cetirizine on acoustic rhinometry parameters in children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial

Background: The effect of intranasal corticosteroids and oral antihistamines on acoustic rhinometry parameters has not been directly compared. Objectives: The primary objective was to compare the effect of a 21-day course of treatment with nasal beclomethasone dipropionate (nBDP) with that of cetirizine (CTZ) on nasal patency measured using acoustic rhinometry in children with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). The secondary objective was to compare the effect of both drugs on nasal cytology, symptom severity, sleep quality, and quality of life. Methods: In this 21-day, open-label, randomized controlled study, 34 children with PAR (age 6-14 years) with a Total 5-Symptom Score (T5SS) ≥5 received nBDP 100 μg per nostril twice daily or CTZ 10 mg tablets once daily. The measures of effect were the least square mean change (LSmc) in nasal volume, minimal cross-sectional area (MCA), and nasal cytology, as well as the scores on the T5SS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Paediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ). Results: After 21 days, nBDP improved nasal volume and MCA more than CTZ (LSmc, 2.21 cm3 vs 0.20 cm3 [P=.013]; and LSmc 0.63 cm2 vs 0.13 cm2 [P=.002], respectively). Compared with the CTZ group, a more marked improvement was found in the nBDP group with respect to eosinophil classes (LSmc, -1.10 vs -0.40; P=.031) and neutrophil classes (LSmc, -0.97 vs -0.17; P=.010), T5SS (LSmc, -5.63 vs -3.54; P=.008), PSQI (LSmc, -1.30 vs -0.19; P=.025), and PRQLQ total scores (LSmc, -1.15 vs -0.69; P=.031). Conclusions: In children with PAR, nBDP is more effective than CTZ in improving nasal patency measured by acoustic rhinometry, with associated beneficial effects on nasal cytology, symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life

Antecedentes: No hay estudios previos en los que se comparan los efectos sobre la rinometría acústica de los corticoides intranasales y los antihistamínicos orales. Objetivos: El objetivo principal fue comparar los efectos de un tratamiento de 21 días con dipropionato de beclometasona (nBDP) frente a ceterizina (CTZ) sobre la obstrucción nasal medida con rinometría acústica en niños con rinitis alérgica perenne (PAR). Los objetivos secundarios incluyen los efectos sobre la citología nasal, la gravedad de los síntomas, la calidad del sueño y la calidad de vida. Métodos: Estudio abierto, aleatorizado y controlado, de 21 días de duración. Se incluyeron 34 niños con PAR (6-14 años) con una puntuación de síntomas ≥5 (T5SS) que recibieron 100 μg de nBDP por fosa nasal dos veces al día o CTZ 10 mg una vez al día. Se realizaron las siguientes mediciones: cambios en los mínimos cuadrados (LSmc) del volumen nasal, del área transversa mínima (MCA), de la citología nasal, el T5SS, índice de calidad del sueño (PSQI) y el cuestionario de calidad de vida pediátrico (PRQLQ). Resultados: después de 21 días, los tratados con nBDP mejoraron el volumen nasal y el MCA más que los tratados con CTZ (LSmc 2,21 cm3,vs 0.20 cm3, p=0,013 and LSmc 0,63 cm2 vs 0,13 cm2, p=0,002, respectivamente). En el grupo tratado con nBDP, con respecto a los tratados con CTZ tuvieron una mayor mejoría en la disminución de clases de eosinófilos (LSmc -1,10 vs -0,40, p=0,031) y neutrófilos (LSmc -0,97 vs -0,17, p=0,010), en el T5SS (LSmc -5,63 vs -3,54, p=0,008), PSQI (LSmc -1,30 vs -0,19, p=0,025) y en la puntuación total de PRQLQ (LSmc -1,15 vs -0,69, p=0,031). Conclusiones: en niños con PAR, la nBDP es más efectiva que la CTZ en mejorar la obstrucción nasal medida por rinometría acústica, con los beneficios asociados sobre citología nasal, síntomas, calidad de sueño y calidad de vida

Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children.

Smoking still represents a huge public health problem. Millions of children suffer the detrimental effects of passive smoking. An increasing number of countries have recently issued laws to regulate smoking in public places. Instead, homes remain a site where children are dangerously exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The combination of tobacco smoke pollutants which remain in an indoor environment, the so-called 'third-hand smoke' (THS), represent a new concept in the field of tobacco control. THS consists of pollutants that remain on surfaces and in dust after tobacco has been smoked, are re-emitted into the gas-phase, or react with other compounds in the environment to form secondary pollutants. Indoor surfaces can represent a hidden reservoir of THS constituents that could be re-emitted long after the cessation of active smoking. Human exposure to THS pollutants has not yet been thoroughly studied. Infants and children are more prone to the risks related to THS exposure than adults because they typically spend more time indoors and have age-specific behaviours that may expose them to potential health hazards from THS. Further investigations are warranted to study the health effects of THS relevant to different exposure pathways and profiles. It would also be very important to evaluate how THS may affect the lung development through the in utero exposure during the pre-natal life. We aimed at reviewing recent findings published about THS, with special reference to the effects on children's health.