Maternal preeclampsia as a risk factor for developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of preeclampsia on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of infants' ≤32 weeks' gestation admitted to a level-IV single center neonatal intensive care unit from 2014 to 2016. Infants with major congenital anomalies, death or transfer before 28 days were excluded. Infants were stratified by maternal preeclampsia status. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors for BPD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome was BPD incidence. RESULTS: 432 infants met inclusion criteria; 22% developed BPD, of which, 16% had severe BPD. Thirty-eight percent of infants were born to preeclamptic mothers, with 23% of those infants developing BPD. Infants born to preeclamptic mothers were delivered by cesarean section (88% vs. 60%; p<0.0001) more often and had lower birthweight (Median=1265g, IQR 910-1555 vs. Median=1388g, IQR 959-1752; p=0.008) compared to infants born to non-preeclamptic mothers. Higher incidence of intrauterine growth restriction was noted in pre-eclampsia group,24% vs 8%, p=0.0001). Gestational age, length of stay and days on ventilator were all associated with the development of BPD. In multivariable logistic regression, preeclampsia was not a risk factor for development of BPD (OR 1.12 [0.68, 1.83]). CONCLUSIONS: Preeclampsia was not a significant risk factor for development of BPD nor the severity of BPD in infants' ≤32 weeks' gestation. IUGR infants with or without preeclampsia mothers were at higher risk for BPD.

Variations in umbilical cord clamping practices in the United States: a national survey of neonatologists.

OBJECTIVE: Since the first publication of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists committee opinion in 2012, and following the update in 2017, multiple institutions in the United States (US) adopted the practice of delayed cord clamping (DCC) and/or umbilical cord milking (UCM) in preterm and term infants. However, there have been variations reported in practices with regard to method of placental transfusion, timing of cord clamping and gestational age thresholds. Furthermore, the optimal cord clamping practice in situations of depressed infants needing resuscitation or in higher-risk delivery situations, such as placental abruption, intrauterine growth restriction, multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, maternal human immunodeficiency virus syndrome/hepatitis or maternal general anesthesia is often debated. An evaluation of these variations and exploration of associated factors was needed to optimally target opportunities for improvement and streamline research activities. The objective of this survey, specifically aimed at neonatologists working in the US was to identify and describe current cord clamping practices and evaluate factors associated with variations. STUDY DESIGN: The survey was distributed electronically to the US neonatologists in August 2019 with a reminder email sent in October 2019. Clinicians were primarily identified from Perinatal Section of AAP, with reminders also sent through various organizations including California Association of Neonatologists, Pediatrix and Envision national groups. Descriptive variables of interest included years of experience practicing neonatology, affiliation with a teaching institution, level of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and practicing region of the US. Questions on variations in cord management practices included information about center specific guideline/protocol, cord clamping practices, gestational age threshold of placental transfusion, performance of UCM and practice in higher-risk delivery situations. RESULTS: The response rate was 14.8%. Among 517 neonatologists whom responded, majority (85.5%) of the practices had a guideline and performed (81.7%) DCC in all gestational ages. The cord clamping practice was predominantly DCC and it was categorized as reporting clamping times <60 s in 46.6% and ≥60 s in 48.7% of responses. A significant association was detected between time of delay in cord clamping and region of practice. The Northeast region was more likely to clamp the cord in <60 s than other regions in the US. More than half of the providers responded not performing any UCM (57.3%) in their practice. Significant associations were detected between performance of UCM and all queried demographic variables independently. Clinicians with >20 years of experience were more likely from institutions performing UCM compared to the providers with fewer years of experience. However, teaching hospitals were less likely to perform UCM compared to non-teaching hospitals. Similarly, practices with level IV NICUs were less likely to perform UCM compared to practices with level III units. Hospitals in the Midwest region of US were less likely to perform UCM compared to hospitals in the Western region. Significant variations were also noticed for not providing placental transfusion in higher-risk deliveries. Demographic and professional factors were noted to be associated with these differences. CONCLUSION: Although the majority of practices have a guideline/protocol and are performing DCC in all gestational ages, there are variations noted with regard to timing, method, and performance in higher-risk deliveries. Demographic and professional factors play an important role in these variations. Future research needs to focus on the modifiable factors to optimize the procedure and impact of DCC.

Refractory Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema in Extreme Premature Newborn.

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) occurs when air leaks into the pulmonary interstitium due to overdistension of distal airways, it occurs mainly in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome who need positive pressure ventilation but has also been reported in spontaneously breathing infants. Herein, we report on an extremely low birth weight infant with severe persistent PIE, while on invasive mechanical ventilation (high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, high-frequency jet ventilation, and neurally adjust ventilator assist) managed successfully with 2 weeks of selective right lung ventilation after failure of more conservative measures, including shorter periods of right mainstem intubation, before the prolonged trial that was successful.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure versus nasal cannula on late preterm and term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn.

OBJECTIVE: To compare continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with nasal cannula (NC) as primary noninvasive respiratory therapy in hypoxic infants for transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of infants born at ≥34 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. RESULT: After adjusting for gestational age and birth weight, the maximum fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) was significantly lower in the CPAP group with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76-0.96). Although nonsignificant, the CPAP group needed 32% fewer hours on oxygen with an IRR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.38-1.22). The duration of respiratory support and the incidence of pneumothorax were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: Comparing CPAP with NC as initial noninvasive respiratory therapy for TTN, significantly lower maximum FiO2 was observed in the infants of CPAP group without increase in the incidence of pneumothorax.

Short-Term Complications Associated with Surgical Ligation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in ELBW Infants: A 25-Year Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to determine the incidence of short-term complications of surgical patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligations, the factors associated with those complications, and whether complications are associated with poor long-term outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of all extremely low birth weight (ELBW, < 1,000 g) infants who underwent surgical PDA ligation at a single-center neonatal intensive care unit from 1989 to 2015. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were reviewed. The primary outcome was development of a short-term (< 2 weeks from ligation) surgical complication. Secondary outcomes include bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 180 ELBW infants were included; median gestational age and birth weight was 24 weeks and 683 g, respectively, and 44% of infants had at least one short-term complication. Need for vasopressors (33%) was the most common medical complication and vocal cord paralysis (9%) was the most common surgical complication. Younger corrected gestational age at time of repair was associated with increased risk for complications. Mortality, length of stay, and BPD rates were similar between infants with and without complications. CONCLUSION: Serious complications were seen in a minority of infants. Additional research is needed to determine if short-term complications are associated with long-term adverse outcomes.

Pediatric asthma pathway in the emergency room.

Asthma is one of the leading causes of hospital admission in the pediatric population. Standardization of asthma management guidelines for patients admitted to the emergency department has been suggested to improve care delivery and patient outcomes. Utilizing a multidisciplinary asthma task force at a single academic medical center, we sought to determine if a protocol-driven approach to implementation of care for patients with asthma could improve patient outcomes by reducing wait times for administration of steroids. A prospective cohort study examined the use of a standardized asthma pathway over a 2-year period compared to historical controls. Pathway use significantly decreased time to corticosteroid administration (45 vs. 29 min [year 1] and 20 min [year 2]; P < 0.0001). By implementing this standard of care at pediatric emergency departments, time to treatment can be decreased, therefore improving the morbidity and mortality of pediatric patients with asthma nationwide.

Magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic modality in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. It presents with nonspecific symptoms, such as bone pain, that can be easily misdiagnosed at initial presentation. We present a 2-year-old boy with bilateral foot pain that worsened over 6 months. X-rays of the feet showed no obvious abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormal bone marrow consistent with an infiltrative process. The patient was found to have precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cases such as these highlight the possible future use of magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnostic workup for bone and muscle pain.

Role of asthma camp in improving the overall health of children with asthma.

This study sought to evaluate the benefit of asthma camp for patients who attended Baylor Scott & White McLane Children's Medical Center's Camp Wheeze Away in July 2016. Data were collected on children aged 8 to 15 years who were diagnosed with asthma and attended asthma camp. Information on body mass index, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits was collected 1 year before and 1 year after camp. Asthma control tests, exhaled nitric oxide tests, and pulmonary function tests were administered at the beginning and end of camp. A total of 34 children with asthma (mean age 11 [±2] years) were included in this study. Postcamp asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits decreased. Mean asthma control scores improved from 20.4 (±3.2) before camp to 23.4 (±2.8) after camp (P < 0.0001). Forced expiratory volume during the first breath and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of the pulmonary volume improved during the weeklong camp (P = 0.04 and 0.0007, respectively). Forced expiratory volume during the first breath further improved 6 to 12 months after camp compared to values before camp (P = 0.047). Exhaled nitric oxide levels improved from the first to last day of camp by decreasing an average of 39% (P = 0.0009). This study showed the positive effect that a short-term educational intervention in a camp setting had on asthma control scores and asthma knowledge.

Mycobacterium Avium Complex Presenting as Pulmonary Nodules in a Child With Sickle Cell Disease.

The case of a 10-year-old child with sickle cell disease with pulmonary nodules and prolonged fevers is reported here. The child was first diagnosed with sarcoidosis based on lung biopsy, but unresponsiveness to therapy led to a second lung biopsy, which revealed the true diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex disease. Multiple possible explanations for why the patient became infected exist. The patient was baseline immunocompromised due to her sickle cell disease, was exposed to invasive procedures, was taking medications that may predispose to this type of infection, and was found to have a congenital immunodeficiency.

Proteomics and Metabolomics in Pregnancy-An Overview.

IMPORTANCE: Pregnancy is getting more and more complex due to increasing number of complications that may affect fetal outcomes. The introduction of newer "proteomics and metabolomics" technologies in the field of obstetrics and gynecology may allow physicians to identify possible associated etiologies that affect the mother during pregnancy and lead to associated complications affecting the offspring. OBJECTIVE: The principal objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the use of proteomics and metabolomics in complicated pregnancies. Future studies that incorporate data from multiple technologies may allow the development of an integrated biological system approach to maternal genomes, proteomes, and metabolomes in pregnancy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND RESULTS: We conducted a substantial MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, and Cochrane database search for all the relevant articles containing use of "omics" technologies in pregnancy. We identified 197 relevant articles, following standardized systematic review process along with grading systems; 69 eligible articles were identified. CONCLUSION/RELEVANCE: We sought to provide a comprehensive review in this emerging field of "omics" in pregnancy and associated complications. This article focuses mainly on use of proteomics and metabolomics identification techniques and possible interventions for early pregnancy complications to improve neonatal outcomes.

Myocardial ischemia in an adolescent secondary to nutritional thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin found in most food products in developed nations. Deficiencies in this crucial vitamin lead to diseases related to nutritional needs, metabolic demands, enzymatic function, and neurological inflammation. We present an 18-year-old patient with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) dependence who experienced neurological manifestations and heart failure, likely due to underlying thiamine deficiency, dehydration, and vasodilation. The patient exhibited heart failure due to thiamine deficiency that was overlooked by her care team secondary to a reaction to preservatives associated with vitamins in TPN, lapse in communication, and decreased compliance.

Morbidity and mortality of coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants.

BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most common cause of late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and usually require vancomycin treatment. Our objective was to determine whether CoNS are associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, ≤ 1500 g) infants from 1989 to 2015. Exclusion criteria were major congenital anomaly or death within 72 h. CoNS was considered a pathogen if recovered from ≥ 2 cultures, or 1 culture if treated for ≥ 5 days and signs of sepsis were present. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of 2242 VLBW infants, 285 (12.7%) had late-onset sepsis. CoNS (125, 44%), Staphylococcus aureus (52, 18%), and Escherichia coli (36, 13%) were the most commonly recovered organisms. In multivariate analysis, CoNS sepsis was not associated with mortality [OR 0.6 (95% CI 0.2-2.6)), but sepsis with other organisms was [OR 4.5 (95% CI 2.6-8.0)]. CoNS sepsis was associated with longer hospitalization but not risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, or retinopathy of prematurity. CONCLUSION: CoNS sepsis was not associated with mortality or morbidities other than length of stay. These findings support vancomycin-reduction strategies in the NICU.

Outcomes of an Adolescent School-Based Health Initiative Needs Assessment.

Adolescent School-Based Health Initiatives (ASBHIs) are designed to increase adolescent access to medical homes and services that are not otherwise available without significant barriers. ASBHIs have been proven to increase access to care for school-aged adolescents with unique needs and limited access to these much-needed medical services. For this descriptive study we conducted a needs assessment to understand and determine the needs and desires for a school-based health initiative in a middle school in the community. Survey topics included demographics, health care needs, and desired health resources. Most teachers (94%) and parents (83%) indicated that they would encourage their student/child to participate in an ASBHI program, and 57% of students reported that they would use an ASBHI program. Both parents (71%) and teachers (94%) indicated that student attendance would improve with an Adolescent School-Based Health Initiative. There is sufficient evidence for the need and utilization of an ASBHI program in this community.

Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health?

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster in both developed and developing countries and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Worldwide, over the past 30 years, flooding has claimed the lives of more than 200,000 people and affected more than 2.8 billion others. The impact of flooding on health varies among populations and depends primarily on vulnerability and the kind of event experienced. It severely disrupts livelihoods and has a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and children. In addition, it may exacerbate a range of negative psychological and physiological child and reproductive health outcomes. Awareness-raising, education, and the issuing of warnings appear to be key initiatives to mitigate or prevent flood morbidity and mortality, especially among people living in low- and middle-income countries. Agencies responding to emergencies also need to be more cognisant of the dangers, specifically those engaged in healthcare, nutrition, and water safety programmes.

Antibiotic Exposure and Risk for Death or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.

We assessed the association between antibiotic exposure in the first 2 weeks of life and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a cohort of very low birth weight infants. After controlling for the severity of illness, each additional day of antibiotic therapy was associated with both an increased risk for and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Safety and efficacy of packed red blood cell transfusions at different doses in very low birth weight infants.

This double-blinded, randomized, crossover study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of 20 mL/kg aliquots of packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions versus 15 mL/kg aliquot transfusions in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with anemia. The study enrolled 22 hemodynamically stable VLBW infants requiring PRBC transfusions, with a mean gestational age of 25.7 ± 2.2 weeks and birth weight of 804 ± 261 g. Each infant was randomized to receive one of two treatment sequences: 15 mL/kg followed by 20 mL/kg or 20 mL/kg followed by 15 mL/kg. The infants were monitored during and after transfusions, and the efficacy and safety of the treatments were evaluated. Infants had higher posttransfusion hemoglobin (13.2 g/dL vs 11.8 g/dL, P < 0.01) and hematocrit levels (38.6 g/dL vs 34.4 g/dL, P < 0.01) following 20 mL/kg PRBC transfusions when compared to 15 mL/kg transfusions. There were no differences in the incidence of tachypnea, hepatomegaly, edema, hypoxia, necrotizing enterocolitis, or vital sign instability between groups. In conclusion, high-volume PRBC transfusions (20 mL/kg) were associated with higher posttransfusion hemoglobin and hematocrit levels but no adverse effects. Higher-volume transfusions may reduce the need for multiple transfusions and therefore the number of donors the infant is exposed to.