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BACKGROUND: Nutritional status and physical activity are important factors for adolescent health. These factors may vary by the place of residence. This study aims to assess the nutritional status and physical activity levels, as well as their variations by the place of residence. METHODS: The sample consisted of 1503 adolescents (46.3% male; 53.7% female), with a mean age of 15.7 ± 0.7 years. Nutritional status was assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), and Body Fat Percentage (BF). Physical activity levels were assessed using the PAQ-C questionnaire. Differences in nutritional status among adolescents living in urban and rural areas were analyzed using Chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05), while differences in physical activity levels were analyzed using an independent samples t-test (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: In terms of BMI, 14.7% of males were overweight and 10.1% were obese, while 12% of female adolescents were overweight and 3.1% were obese. There were no differences in nutritional status among adolescents living in urban and rural areas (BMI, WHtR, BF). Male adolescents in rural areas had significantly higher physical activity levels compared to urban areas (p = 0.032). They showed higher activity scores during a spare time (p = 0.002), physical education classes (p = 0.002), little breaks (p = 0.007), and lunchtime (p = 0.034). Female adolescents showed significance only in spare time activity (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: The differences in nutritional status among adolescents living in urban and rural areas were not found. However, male adolescents living in urban areas showed lower physical activity levels than their rural counterparts. Strategies should be implemented to promote physical activity among adolescents in urban areas, and attention should be given to the further urbanization process to create improved conditions for engaging in physical activity.
Assuntos
Estado Nutricional , Sobrepeso , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Montenegro , População Urbana , Obesidade , Índice de Massa Corporal , Exercício Físico , População RuralRESUMO
SUMMARY: The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the junior basketball players of the BC Partizan and BC Buducnost Voli, in terms of their anthropometric characteristics and body composition. A sample of 22 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 11 players of the basketball team Partizan (Serbia), of the average age 17.18 ± 0.50, while the other sub-sample consisted of 11 players of basketball team Buducnost Voli (Montenegro), based on the average age of 17.28 ± 0.30. All players were tested in Podgorica, in a lasting period of two days, while they held international friendly tournament, just before the start of the national championships. Anthropometric characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of eleven variables: body height (cm), body weight (kg), triceps skinfold, back skinfold, biceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, thighs skinfold, calf skinfold, body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat and muscle mass (kg). Differences in anthropometric characteristic and composition of the body of the male junior basketball players of two basketball teams were determined by using a discriminatory parametric procedure with t-test for small independent samples. It was found that the basketball players of Partizan are taller and have a lower body mass. Also, there are significant statistical differences by seven: triceps skinfold, back skinfold, biceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, calf skinfold, thigh skinfold and BMI.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre jugadores de baloncesto junior del BC Partizan y BC Buducnost Voli, en cuanto a sus características antropométricas y composición corporal. Una muestra de 22 sujetos se dividió en dos submuestras. La primera submuestra estuvo formada por 11 jugadores del equipo de baloncesto Partizan (Serbia), con una edad media de 17,18 ± 0,50, mientras que la otra estaba formada por 11 jugadores del equipo de baloncesto Buducnost Voli (Montenegro), cuya edad media era de 17,28 ± 0,30 años. Todos los jugadores fueron evaluados en Podgorica, en un período de dos días, mientras se realizaba un torneo amistoso internacional, precisamente antes del inicio de los campeonatos nacionales. Las características antropométricas en la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de once variables: altura corporal (cm), peso corporal (kg), pliegue cutáneo tríceps, pliegue cutáneo dorsal, pliegue cutáneo bicipital, pliegue cutáneo abdominal, pliegue cutáneo de muslos, pliegue cutáneo de pantorrillas, índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa y masa muscular (kg). Se determinaron las diferencias en las características antropométricas y la composición del cuerpo de los jugadores juveniles masculinos de baloncesto de los dos equipos de baloncesto mediante un procedimiento paramétrico discriminatorio con prueba t para pequeñas muestras independientes. Se encontró que los jugadores de baloncesto del Partizan eran más altos y tenían una masa corporal más baja. Además, existían diferencias estadísticas significativas en los pliegue cutáneos del tríceps, de la espalda, del bíceps, abdominal, de la pantorrilla y del muslo además de diferencias en el IMC.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Composição Corporal , Basquetebol , AntropometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Considering that obesity is characterized today as a public health challenge and an epidemic in many countries in the world and that one of the main predictors for obesity is socio-economic status (SES), the aim of this paper was to assess the relationship between the SES of parents/guardians and female adolescent obesity in Montenegro. METHODS: A stratified random probability sample method was used, and the number of participants in this study was 596, aged 15.8 ± 0.58, from all three regions in Montenegro. As SES was a factor in this research, specific SES parameters such as household wealth and parental educational level were collected for parent/guardian of each child. The following anthropometric indices were utilized to evaluate nutritional status: body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR). RESULTS: Regarding nutritional status, it can be said that no statistically significant difference between female adolescents according to the regions of Montenegro was found. Of all the adolescents in the study, 15.4% of them were above the normal nutrition level as measured by BMI, while 12.2% were classified as obese by the WHtR. Furthermore, the study found a significant negative relationship between a mother's level of education and obesity in female adolescents, with odds ratios of 0.31 (p = 0.035) and 0.19 (p = 0.009) for secondary and high level education, respectively. This suggests that daughters of mothers with higher levels of education are less likely to be obese. CONCLUSIONS: In regard to the nutritional status of the respondents in this study, their values fell within the normal range compared to the European average. However, the results regarding the relationship between certain SES characteristics and obesity suggest a similarity to developed countries.
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SUMMARY: The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in morphological characteristics and motor abilities of the first and second league female volleyball players. The sample comprised of 20 players of the first and 20 players of the second league. Only those female volleyball players who completed the whole measurement program were included in the sample. Subjects underwent measurement of morphological characteristics (7 variables) and motor abilities (8 variables). Statistically significant differences were determined with t-test for independent samples. The results of the research show that there are no statistically significant differences in morphological characteristics and motor abilities of the first and second league female volleyball players. The difference was found only in the variable for assessing balance in favor of first league female volleyball players.
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las características morfológicas y habilidades motoras de las jugadoras de voleibol de primera y segunda liga. La muestra estuvo conformada por 20 jugadores de primera y 20 jugadores de segunda liga. Solo se incluyeron en la muestra aquellas jugadoras de voleibol que completaron todo el programa de medición. Los sujetos se sometieron a la medición de las características morfológicas (7 variables) y habilidades motoras (8 variables). Las diferencias estadísticamente significativas se determinaron con la prueba t para muestras independientes. Los resultados de la investigación mostraron que no existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las características morfológicas y habilidades motrices de las jugadoras de voleibol de primera y segunda liga. La diferencia se encontró solo en la variable para evaluar el equilibrio a favor de las jugadoras de voleibol de primera división.
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Humanos , Feminino , Antropometria , Desempenho Atlético , Voleibol , AptidãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The application of various martial arts programs can greatly contribute to improving the of physical fitness of preschool and school children. The purpose of this review paper was to determine the effects and influence that martial arts program intervention has on children's physical fitness, which includes motor skills and the aerobic and anaerobic abilities of children. METHOD: We searched the following electronic scientific databases for articles published in English from January 2006 to April 2021 to gather data for this review paper: Google Scholar, Pub Med, and Web of Science. RESULTS: After the search was completed, 162 studies were identified, of which 16 studies were selected and were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Eight studies included karate programs, four studies included judo programs, two studies contained aikido programs, and two studies contained taekwondo programs. The total number of participants was 1615 (experimental group = 914, control group = 701). Based on the main findings, karate, judo, taekwondo, and aikido programs showed positive effects on the physical fitness of the experimental group of children. According to the results, the effects of these programs showed statistically significant improvements between the initial and final measurements of most of the examined experimental groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that martial arts programs were helpful for improving the physical fitness of preschool and school children, especially for parameters such as cardiorespiratory fitness, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.
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Physical literacy (PL) is thought to facilitate engagement in physical activity, which could lead to better physical fitness (PF). The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of the Croatian version of two frequently applied PL questionnaires that evaluate knowledge and understanding, perceived competence, environment, and value for literacy, numeracy, and PL and validity regarding correlation with objectively evaluated PF in adolescents. Five hundred forty-four high school students (403 females, 141 males) from Croatia were tested on PF (standing long jump, sit-ups for 30 s, sit-and-reach test, multilevel endurance test) and two PL questionnaires. The reliability of the Croatian version of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy knowledge and understanding (CAPL-2-KU) and PLAYself was good (α = 0.71−0.81 for PLAYself subscales, κ = 0.39−0.69 for CAPL-2-KU). Genders differed in the self-description dimension of PLAYself, with higher results in boys (Z = 3.72, p < 0.001). CAPL-2-KU and PLAYself total score were associated with PF in boys and girls, with PLAYself having stronger associations with PF. This research supports the idea of PL as an essential determinant for the development of PF, highlighting the necessity of the development of cognitive and affective domains of PL in physical education throughout a specifically tailored pedagogical process.
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SUMMARY: Prevention and correction of overweight in children and adolescents is also very important for many reasons. According to previous research, the problem tends to vary according to sex, and different ages and the lifestyle in rural and urban areas has changed drastically in recent years and decades. Regarding the above-mentioned, the main goal of this research was to determine the nutritional status of young school children in urban and rural areas of Montenegro in relation to sex and age. The sample in this research has consisted of children aged 6 and 9 (younger school age). The total sample in this research is 800 male and female children who belong to the urban and rural areas of Montenegro. The sample of variables used in this study was: body mass index-percentile values (BMI), and waist circumference and body height ratio (WHtR) which were used as indicators to assess nutritional status. Based on obtained results it could be generally concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in nutritional status between primary school children from urban and rural areas of Montenegro, which is the opposite of what was expected based on previous research, but also which is very important since all subjects in the future can be treated as homogeneous groups when it comes to the impact of environment and lifestyle on the nutrition status of younger school children. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that the main limitation of this research is that measurements were carried out in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the recommendation could be that after the end of the pandemic, special "COVID teams" should be formed, which would consist of experts from various fields of physical culture, sports, and medicine, all with the aim of influencing possible problems with nutritional status and physical activity of young school children caused by a pandemic.
RESUMEN: La prevención y corrección del sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes es muy importante por muchas razones. Según investigaciones previas, el problema tiende a variar según el sexo, las diferentes edades y el estilo de vida en las zonas rurales y urbanas ha cambiado drásticamente en los últimos años y décadas. Con respecto a lo mencionado anteriormente, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar el estado nutricional de los niños pequeños en edad escolar en áreas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro en relación con el sexo y la edad. La muestra en esta investigación ha estado compuesta por niños de 6 y 9 años (menor edad escolar). La muestra total en esta investigación fue de 800 niños y niñas que pertenecían a las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro. La muestra de variables utilizadas en este estudio fue: índice de masa corporal-valores percentiles (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura y relación talla corporal (RCCE), los cuales se utilizaron como indicadores para evaluar el estado nutricional. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo concluir en general que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado nutricional entre los niños de primaria de las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro, que es lo contrario de lo que se esperaba en base a investigaciones anteriores, pero que también es muy importante, ya que todos los temas en el futuro pueden ser tratados como grupos homogéneos en lo que respecta al impacto del medio ambiente y el estilo de vida en el estado nutricional de los niños en edad escolar más pequeños. Por otro lado, es importante recalcar que la principal limitación de esta investigación fue que las mediciones se realizaron en plena pandemia de COVID-19, y la recomendación podría ser que luego de finalizada la pandemia, equipos especiales "COVID", que estaría integrado por expertos de diversas áreas de la cultura física, el deporte y la medicina, todo ello con el objetivo de incidir en los posibles problemas del estado nutricional y de actividad física de los jóvenes escolares provocados por una pandemia.