The association between smoking and psychopathology adjusted for body mass index and gender.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the correlation between smoking habits and psychopathology status, as well as the impact of confounders such as body mass index and gender. METHOD: A total of 134 non-smokers and 152 smokers were enrolled in this study. We measured psychopathology features using Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. We ran logistic regression models testing the smoking-psychopathology association, controlling for body mass index and gender. RESULTS: Smoking was positively correlated with depression, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, somatization, paranoid ideation and psychoticism (P<0.05). Adjusting for body mass index and gender, the results remained largely unchanged, with a slight independent effect of body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that smoking is a stronger predictor of psychopathology than body mass index and gender.

The Association Between Obesity and Hostility: The Mediating Role of Plasma Lipids.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research indicates an association between obesity and psychopathology status, the nature of which remains unclear. We evaluated the mediating role of biochemical disturbances in this association among a treatment-seeking sample of obese individuals. METHOD: The study enrolled 143 consecutive overweight and obese individuals (mean age 35±9 y) and 143 normal-weight controls (mean age 34±9 y), matched by age and sex. We measured psychopathology features using the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a standardized self-evaluation rating scale, and biochemical parameters (plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting glucose levels) of all participants. Nonlinear regression models were used to estimate the associations among obesity, psychopathology, and biochemical factors. RESULTS: Obesity was associated positively and significantly (P<0.05) with all of the SCL-90-R subscales, with the exception of anxiety and phobic anxiety, as well as with levels of plasma glucose, cholesterol (P<0.01), and triglycerides (P<0.001). Tests for mediation showed that obesity was significantly associated, for the mediators of plasma cholesterol [parameter estimate=-0.033, P<0.05] and triglycerides (parameter estimate=-0.059, P<0.05), only with hostility (parameter estimate=-0.024, P<0.05 and parameter estimate=-0.041, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that biological substrates that are critically related to obesity, such as dyslipidemia, may mediate, at least in part, the association between obesity and hostility.

The Association between Obesity and Symptoms of Psychopathology and its Relationship with Sedentary Behavior and Mediterranean Diet.

BACKGROUND: Recent research indicates an association between obesity and symptoms of psychopathology, the nature of which remains obscure. This study examined the confounding role of behavioral factors on this association. METHOD: One hundred and forty-two overweight/obese subjects who sought treatment for obesity, of both genders (51 males and 91 females), 18 to 64 years old and 139 normal-weight controls of both genders (41 males and 98 females), 18 to 63 years old, were enrolled in this study. We measured psychopathology features, using the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), dietary habits, using the MedDietScore (MDS) questionnaire, and physical activity, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A series of regression models were used to estimate the mediation of dietary patterns and physical activity on the obesity-psychopathology association. RESULTS: The associations between obesity and depression (ß=0.32/ß=0.15), obsession-compulsion (ß=0.03/ß=-0.13), anxiety (ß=-0.25/ß=-0.12), interpersonal sensitivity (ß=0.08/ß=-0.04) and psychoticism (ß=-0.01/ ß=0.025) are accounted for by sedentary behavior and Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that modifiable behavioral factors such as sedentary time and dietary patterns positively affect the association between obesity and symptoms of psychopathology.

Fatty acids intake and depressive symptomatology in a Greek sample: an epidemiological analysis.

BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the association with dietary habits is not well understood. The aim of this work was to statistically model the association of depressive symptoms with fatty acids intake in persons free of cardiovascular disease. METHOD: A random multistage sampling, stratified by gender and age, was performed during 2001-2002. In the present work, psychological and dietary data from 453 men (19-89 years) and 400 women (18-84 years) were analyzed. Depression was assessed with the Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (ZDRS). After a validation for the investigated population, plasma fatty acids in the form of their methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography, while dietary fatty acids were determined through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and local food composition tables. RESULTS: Women had significantly higher scores on the ZDRS as compared with men (47 ± 9 vs. 43 ± 10, p < 0.001). Multiadjusted data analysis after adjusting for age, gender, lifestyle, and dietary habits revealed that increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations, and, more specifically, high concentrations of plasma total n-3 fatty acids (b ± SE: -1.9 ± 0.5, p  =  0.03), docosahexaenoic acid (-2.91 ± 1.04, p  =  0.02), eicosapentaenoic acid (-2.54 ± 0.84, p  =  0.03), α-linoleic acid (-16.8 ± 7.3, p  =  0.01), and linoleic acid (-3.97 ± 0.21, p  =  0.03), were associated with lower scores in the depression scale used. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that increased PUFA and MUFA concentrations are associated with diminished depressive symptomatology among apparently healthy adults.