A Glance at the Phytochemical and Ethno-pharmacological Understanding of Four Ocimum Species.

The genus Ocimum comprises many species widely cultivated in different parts of the world for their pharmaceutical, neutraceutical and other commercial importance. Many biological activities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant have been ascribed to Ocimum, which can be linked to the occurrence of biologically active phytochemicals like phenolic acids, essential oil, flavonoids, and terpenes hence making it a potential source for discovery and development of novel drugs. The present review covers the successive advances in the traditional medicinal aspects, phytochemistry, bioactivities and the bioavailability of four Ocimum species, i.e., Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L., to explore their applications in versatile industries. Furthermore, this thorough compilation will be used as a potential resource for further Ocimum-related medication development and research and to identify the research gaps to fill.

Monitoring the distribution pattern and invasion status of Ageratina adenophora across elevational gradients in Sikkim Himalaya, India.

Understanding the spread intensity and population dynamics of invasive plant species is a prerequisite for developing management strategies in the Himalayan Forest ecosystems that are experiencing an accelerated rate of climate change. Although there are studies on the occurrence of few invasive species in the Himalayan ecosystems, systematic information on their intensity of spread and species association is still missing. Considering existing data gaps, we aimed to assess the intensity of spread and distribution pattern of A. adenophora, one of the high-concern invasive species (HiCIS) of India that is causing havoc in the Himalayas, across an elevational gradient. Field data were collected in 2018 and 2021 in the Indian federal state of Sikkim, located in the Eastern Himalayas. We analyzed the population status and species association of A. adenophora along an elevational gradient ranging from > 600 m to 2700 m above sea level, which was divided into seven gradients of 300 m width, and each gradient was further randomly sampled. Overall, 81 species were present in association with A. adenophora, including 58 herbs, 19 shrubs, and 4 climbers, belonging to 30 families and 67 genera in the region. No other species continuously co-occurred along with A. adenophora throughout the elevation ranging from > 600 m to 2700 m. The species observed increased frequency (100%), density (40.51 ind./100 m2), and basal cover (11.25 cm2/m2) in the elevational gradient 1500-1800 m in 2018. In 2021, A. adenophora dominated the highest elevational gradient (< 2400-2700 m) with increased frequency (99.96%), density (58.41 ind./100m2), and basal cover (42.54 cm2/100m2), which demonstrated rapid invasion and improved plant health and reproductive vigor in comparison to the lower elevational gradient in Sikkim Himalaya. Despite being completely absent at the highest elevation (< 2400-2700 m), in 2018, it observed gregarious spread at the highest elevation in 2021, which is of serious concern to ecologists. The presence of the targeted species in all seven studied altitudinal gradients reflects stage III of the species invasion. An enormous shift in the distribution pattern along elevational gradients within a short time span is alarming for the Himalayan ecosystem since it is becoming a thriving habitat for invasive species owing to anthropogenic activity. We mapped the potential geographical extent using the species distribution model (SDM) and predicted the suitable habitat of distribution in Sikkim Himalaya. In order to curtail the spread and counteract the negative impact of this species on native vegetation in Sikkim Himalaya and ultimately reverse the process, local and regional initiatives for its biological control and management must be taken.

Over-expression of chickpea metallothionein 1 gene confers tolerance against major toxic heavy metal stress in Arabidopsis.

Heavy metals are ubiquitously present in nature, including soil, water, and thus in plants, thereby causing a potential health risk. This study has investigated the role and efficiency of the chickpea metallothionein 1 (MT1) gene against the major toxic heavy metals, i.e., As [As(III) and As(V)], Cr(VI), and Cd toxicity. MT1 over-expressing transgenic lines had reduced As(V) and Cr(VI) accumulation, whereas Cd accumulation was enhanced in the L3 line. The physiological responses (WUE, A, Gs, E, ETR, and qP) were noted to be enhanced in transgenic plants, whereas qN was decreased. Similarly, the antioxidant molecules and enzymatic activities (GSH/GSSG, Asc/DHA, APX, GPX, and GRX) were higher in the transgenic plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD, APX, GPX, and POD, were highest in the Cd-treated lines, whereas higher CAT activity was observed in As(V)-L1 and GRX in Cr-L3 line. The stress markers TBARS, H2O2, and electrolyte leakage were lower in transgenic lines in comparison to WT, while RWC was enhanced in the transgenic lines, and the transcript of MT1 gene was accumulated in the transgenic lines. Similarly, the level of stress-responsive amino acid cysteine was higher in transgenic plants as compared to WT plants. Among all the heavy metals, MT1 over-expressing lines showed a highly increased accumulation of Cd, whereas a non-significant effect was observed with As(III) treatment. Overall, the results demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with the MT1 gene mitigates heavy metal stress by regulating the defense mechanisms in plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01103-1.

Understanding the relationship between soil properties and litter chemistry in three forest communities in tropical forest ecosystem.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between soil properties and litter chemistry in three forest communities, i.e., Sal mixed forest (SMF), dry mixed forest (DMF), and teak plantation forest (TPF), in tropical deciduous forest ecosystem in North India. Fresh leaf litter and soil samples were collected at two soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) from all these three forest communities. Litter bag experiment was also conducted to know differences in litter nutrients after its decomposition. The concentrations (mg kg-1) of different nutrients such as sodium (Na) 2.6, potassium (K) 38.5, calcium (Ca) 425, and carbon (C) 45.54% were highest in fresh litter collected from DMF. Total organic carbon (g kg-1) was significantly higher in SMF (19.23) in comparison to DMF (18.41) and TPF (13.61) at 0-15-cm soil depth. Na, K, Ca, available P, total P, available N, and total N were highest in DMF soil. We observed significantly positive correlation between all nutrients of litter and soil. Although soil bulk density (BD) and particle density (PD) showed their significant negative correlation with litter C, total porosity was positively correlated. Similarly, litter Na has its significant negative correlation with BD and positive correlation with PD. The litter chemistry played a significant role in changing soil pH and TOC. All litter nutrients, except total P, have their significant positive correlation with soil pH. Total P, C, and N of litter have their significant positive correlation with total soil organic carbon. This indicates that litter chemistry and soil properties have specific relation among them despite unique species composition in each forest community.

Differential rubisco content and photosynthetic efficiency of rol gene integrated Vinca minor transgenic plant: Correlating factors associated with morpho-anatomical changes, gene expression and alkaloid productivity.

Transgenic plants obtained from a hairy root line (PVG) of Vinca minor were characterized in relation to terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) pathway gene expression and vincamine production. The hairy roots formed callus with green nodular protuberances when transferred onto agar-gelled MS medium containing 3.0mg/l zeatin. These meristematic zones developed into shoot buds on medium with 1.0mg/l 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 40mg/l ascorbic acid. These shoot buds subsequently formed rooted plants when shifted onto a hormone-free MS medium with 6% sucrose. Transgenic nature of the plants was confirmed by the presence of rol genes of the Ri plasmid in them. The transgenic plants (TP) had elongated internodes and a highly proliferating root system. During glass house cultivation TP consistently exhibited slower growth rate, low chlorophyll content (1.02±0.08mg/gm fr. wt.), reduced carbon exchange rate (2.67±0.16µmolm-2s-1), less transpiration rate (2.30±0.20mmolm-2 s-1) and poor stomatal conductance (2.21±0.04mmolm-2 s-1) when compared with non-transgenic population. The activity of rubisco enzyme in the leaves of TP was nearly two folds less in comparison to non-transgenic controls (1.80milliunitsml-1mgprotein-1 against 3.61milliunits ml-1mgprotein-1, respectively). Anatomically, the TP had a distinct tetarch arrangement of vascular bundles in their stem and roots against a typical ployarched pattern in the non-transgenic plants. Significantly, the transgenic plants accumulated 35% higher amount of total TIAs (3.10±0.21% dry wt.) along with a 0.03% dry wt. content of its vasodilatory and nootropic alkaloid vincamine in their leaves. Higher productivity of alkaloids in TP was corroborated with more than four (RQ=4.60±0.30) and five (RQ=5.20±0.70) times over-expression of TIAs pathway genes tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and strictosidine synthase (STR) that are responsible for pushing the metabolic flux towards TIAs synthesis in this medicinal herb.

Simple and reliable methods for the determination of three steroidal glycosides in the eight species of Solanum by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with diode array detection.

INTRODUCTION: Solanum species are important ingredients of many traditional Indian medicines and thus the quality control of their herbal formulations is of paramount concern. OBJECTIVE: To establish a simple and effective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method to evaluate the quality of Solanum species and their herbal formulations. METHODOLOGY: A rapid, simple, sensitive, robust and reproducible HPLC method was developed for the determination of three steroidal glycosides (SG); indioside D, solamargine and α-solanine in eight species of the genus Solanum. The analytes were separated on a monolithic performance RP-18e column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using a gradient elution of acetonitile-water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the mobile phase with a flow rate 0.4 mL/min and UV detection at λ 210 nm. RESULTS: The method was linear over the range 3-15 µg/mL (r > 9994). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within the required limits. The mean recoveries measured at the three concentrations were higher than 98.8% with RSD < 2% for the targets. CONCLUSION: The established method is simple and can be used as a tool for quality control of plant material or herbal formulation containing SG.

Investigation on phenylpropanoids rich Melaleuca decora (Salisb.) Britt. essential oil.

The essential oil of Melaleuca decora twigs has been obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS and (1)H-, (13)C-NMR experiments. The most abundant class of compounds in M. decora twig oil was phenylpropanoids represented by methyl eugenol (92.4%) as the most exclusive constituent. In terms of molecular diversity, phenylpropanoids dominate M. decora essential oil with low terpenoid (3.9%) proportion.