The co-occurrence of epilepsy and autism: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to review the literature to determine the incidence and prevalence of autism in epilepsy and epilepsy in autism, conditions that are often comorbid. METHODS: We adhered to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards, and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from inception until July 4, 2016. Studies were included if they reported an incidence or prevalence of autism in epilepsy or epilepsy in autism. These estimates were described using mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range. RESULTS: Seventy-four studies reporting on 283,549 patients were included. The median overall period prevalence of epilepsy in people with autism was 12.1% while the median overall period prevalence of autism in people with epilepsy was 9.0% when including all population types. When excluding studies that investigated patients with syndromic epilepsy or developmental delay, the median overall period prevalence of epilepsy in people with autism was 11.2% while the median overall period prevalence of autism in people with epilepsy was 8.1%. We observed trends for sex as the prevalence of autism in epilepsy was higher in males while the prevalence of epilepsy in autism was higher in females. It is important to interpret these estimates with caution, as there was significant heterogeneity between studies. Meta-regression found no association between study quality and prevalence or incidence estimates (all p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The period prevalence of epilepsy in people with autism, and vice versa, was consistently higher than previously reported estimates of the occurrence of these disorders in the general population. These findings highlight the importance of screening for autism in people who have epilepsy and epilepsy in people who have autism and may help shed light on shared pathogenesis between these conditions.

Signs and symptoms of the postictal period in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The postictal period has many physical, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations associated with it. These signs and symptoms are common, can be quite debilitating, and can have a continued impact long after the seizure has ended. The purpose of this systematic review was to quantify the occurrence of postictal signs and symptoms, along with their frequency and duration in persons with epilepsy. METHODS: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to November 29, 2017. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting standards were followed. Search terms included subject headings and text words such as convulsion, epilepsy, seizure, postictal, post seizure, seizure recovery, seizure end, Todd's paresis, and Todd's paralysis. Standardized forms were used to collect various study variables. Abstract and full-text review, data abstraction, and quality assessment were all done in duplicate. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I-squared test, and a random effects model was used to determine estimates. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots. RESULTS: From 7811 abstracts reviewed, 78 articles met eligibility criteria, with 31 postictal manifestations (signs and/or symptoms) described and 45 studies included in the meta-analysis. The majority of studies described postictal headaches, migraines, and psychoses, with mean weighted frequency of 33.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.0-40.0], 16.0% [95% CI 10.0-22.0], and 4.0% [95% CI 2.0-5.0], respectively. The mean weighted proportions of manifestations ranged from 0.5% (subacute postictal aggression) to 96.2% (postictal unresponsiveness) with symptom duration usually lasting <24 h but up to 2 months for physical and cognitive/behavioral symptoms respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: Examining data on the various signs and symptoms of the postictal period will have practical applications for physicians by raising their awareness about these manifestations and informing them about the importance of optimizing their prevention and treatment in epilepsy.