Prevalence of malaria, typhoid and co-infection in District DIR (lower), Pakistan / Prevalência de malária, febre tifóide e co-infecção no distrito dir (inferior), Paquistão

Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most endemic diseases in the tropical and developing countries. Both diseases share similar transmission factor and often have the similar symptom. Based on this reason, much medical personnel try to cure both malaria and typhoid instantaneously in each case of suspected Salmonella infection and vice versa. The District Dir (Lower) is a favorable location for the protozoan nourishment and secondly mostly reported cases of malaria and typhoid co-infections. The main objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infection in the District Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The blood samples of 1889 patients were examined from September 2012 to April 2013, out of which 311 (16.46%) were positive for malaria and typhoid. Out of these infected, 117 (38%) sample was positive for malaria, 183 (58%) sample were positive for typhoid while co-infected cases were only 11 (4%). The current results indicate that this area is endemic for malaria and typhoid and co-infection. Its infection is prevalent in both the genders at varying degrees.

A malária e a febre tifóide estão entre as doenças mais endêmicas nos países tropicais e em desenvolvimento. Ambas as doenças compartilham fator de transmissão semelhante e muitas vezes têm sintomas semelhantes. Com base nessa razão, muitos profissionais da saúde tentam curar a malária e a febre tifóide ao mesmo tempo em cada caso de suspeita de infecção por Salmonella e vice-versa. O Distrito Dir (inferior) é um local favorável para a nutrição de protozoários e o segundo local com mais casos reportados de malária e co-infecções tifoides. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência da malária e da co-infecção tifóide nos distritos de Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Paquistão. As amostras de sangue de 1889 pacientes foram examinadas de setembro de 2012 a abril de 2013, das quais 311 (16,46%) foram positivas para malária e febre tifóide. Destes infectados, 117 (38%) amostras foram positivas para a malária, 183 (58%) amostras foram positivas para a febre tifóide, enquanto os casos co-infectados foram apenas 11 (4%). Os resultados atuais indicam que esta área é endêmica para malária e febre tifóide e co-infecção. Sua infecção é prevalente em ambos os sexos em diferentes graus.

Fasciola hepatica infection in children actively detected in a survey in rural areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province, northern Pakistan.

Human fascioliasis is a freshwater snail borne, zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola liver flukes which are widely spread throughout Pakistan and has recently proved to be endemic in humans of the Punjab province. To verify whether fasciolids are also affecting humans outside this province, studies were conducted in four communities comprising rural and urban areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkha province, northern Pakistan. Activities comprised two surveys, a coprological one to look for Fasciola infection and another to get information on potential human infection sources and risk factors by means of a questionnaire. Out of 540 subjects of all ages surveyed, only 4 children (0.74%) were found positive for Fasciola eggs: two 9- and 13-year old boys and two 7- and 16-year old girls. Burden per child ranged 73-146 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), with an average of 106 ±â€¯15.4 epg. Based on the egg size, the infection was diagnosed to be caused by F. hepatica. Serum analyses showed eosinophilia and elevated enzyme values in liver function tests. The Mardan area fits well to all transmission and epidemiological requirements of F. hepatica, namely the presence of infected livestock reservoirs throughout, the appropriate climatic factors (mainly monthly temperature variation along the year), and the existence of adequate freshwater collections. The existence of the specific lymnaeid snail vector species for F. hepatica transmission was reported in the neighbouring Swat valley time ago. Results show that human fascioliasis may be widespread in Pakistan and that both F. hepatica and F. gigantica may be involved.

The Use of a Bioadhesive (BioGlue(®)) Secured Conchal Graft and Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis to Correct Pediatric Facial Asymmetry as Result of Unilateral Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis.

The rehabilitation of children affected by early traumatic facial deformity is a challenge for both the craniofacial team and the child's family. Although the immediate goals of surgery are to restore both form and function, the psychological needs of the growing child must also be addressed. Early surgery may be required to assist integration of the child into the community and thereby avert both social isolation and stigmatization of the child. Timed correctly, such surgery has the potential to harness the patient's own growth to assist in correction of the deformity and to maintain some of the surgical gains. The use of autogenous tissue rather than nondegradable implants to facilitate craniofacial reconstruction in the growing child avoids some of the concerns associated with permanent implants. These include both their potential to adversely affect growth and to migrate. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how advances in tissue adhesion using protein polymers (BioGlue(®); CryoLife, Inc., Kennesaw, GA) and bone regeneration techniques (distraction osteogenesis) have been used to correct the disfiguring and functional problems associated with unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis acquired in early childhood.