Mechanical response of knee muscles in high level bodyboarders during performance / Respostas mecânicas da musculatura do joelho de bodyboarders de alto nível durante o desempenho / Respuesta mecánica de la musculatura de la rodilla en bodyboarders de alto nivel durante el desempeño

INTRODUCTION: bodyboarding is a kind of surfing that has been growing very rapidly over the last decade and has now developed into one of the fastest growing water sports in the world. OBJECTIVES: evaluate the effects of fatigue on rectus femoris RF, vastus lateralis VL and vastus medialis VM and biceps femoris BF and semitendinosus ST during a high-level bodyboard competition using tensiomyography TMG. METHODS: subjects were 11 highly experienced years of practice: 15, SD=4.65 male bodyboarders age: 28.17, SD=2.89, body weight: 74.83, SD=6.13kg; height: 179.25, SD=3.93cm; BMI: 23.29, SD=1.81 participating in the final of the 2010 Spanish championship. RESULTS: the fatigue is especially evident due to a decrease in the values of relaxation time Tr and sustain time Ts caused by the specific characteristics of waves, how the waves evolve and the type of manoeuvre executed in competition due to the wave characteristics. The maximum radial displacement Dm value increased slightly in all muscles analysed and normalised response speed Vrn was stable, with a tendency to improve as athletes adapted to the type of physical effort and the environmental conditions of the competition. CONCLUSIONS: the study shows that the fatigue in the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee occurs in response to the demands of competition. .

INTRODUÇÃO: bodyboarding é uma modalidade do surfe que vem crescendo rapidamente nas últimas décadas e atualmente é um dos esportes aquáticos que mais cresce no mundo. OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito da fadiga nos músculos reto femoral RF, vasto lateral VL, vasto medial VM, bíceps femoral BF e semitendíneo ST durante competição de alto nível através da tensiomiografia TMG. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por 11 bodyboarders de alto nível anos de prática: 15, DP = 4,65, idade: 28,17, DP = 2,89 anos, peso: 74,83, DP = 6,13 kg; estatura: 179,25, DP = 3,93 cm; IMC: 23,29, DP = 1,81, participantes da final do Campeonato Espanhol de 2010. RESULTADOS: a fadiga é evidente devido a uma diminuição dos valores de tempo de relaxamento Tr e tempo de sustentação Ts, que pode ser causada pelas características das ondas, de como elas se comportam e ao tipo de manobras realizadas em competição. Os valores de deslocamento radial máximo Dm aumentaram em todos os músculos analisados e a velocidade de resposta normalizada foi estável, com uma leve tendência à melhora conforme os atletas se adaptam ao tipo de esforço físico e às condições ambientais da competição. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se fadiga da musculatura flexora e extensora do joelho em repostas às demandas da competição. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: el bodyboard es una modalidad del surf que viene creciendo rápidamente en las últimas décadas y actualmente es uno de los deportes acuáticos que más crece en el mundo. OBJETIVOS: evaluar los efectos de la fatiga en los músculos: recto femoral RF, vasto lateral VL, vasto medial VM, bíceps femoral BF y semitendinoso ST durante una competición de alto nivel mediante la tensiomiografia TMG. MÉTODOS: la muestra estaba compuesta por 11 bodyboarders de alto nivel años de práctica: 15, DE = 4,65, edad: 28,17, DE = 2,89, peso: 74.83, DE = 6,13 kg; altura: 179,25, DE = 3,93 cm; IMC: 23,29, DE = 1,81, participantes en la final del Campeonato de España de 2010. RESULTADOS: la fatiga es evidente debido a una disminución de los valores del tiempo de relajación Tr y tiempo de sustentación Ts, que puede ser causada por las características de las olas, de como éstas se comportan y al tipo de maniobras realizadas durante la competición. Los valores de desplazamiento máximo radial Dm aumentaron en todos los músculos analizados y la velocidad de respuesta normalizada Vrn se muestra estable, con tendencia a mejorar, debido a la adaptación de los deportistas al tipo de esfuerzo y a las condiciones ambientales en que se desarrolla la competición. CONCLUSIÓN: el estudio muestra que la fatiga en los músculos extensores y flexores de la rodilla se produce en respuesta a las exigencias propias de la competición. .

Violent Behaviour, Drunkenness, Drug use, and Social Capital in Nightlife Contexts

Violent behaviour linked to nightlife leisure contexts is a problem that particularly affects younger population groups. We carried out a survey with a sample of 1,363 young people who frequently take part in the nightlife of nine European cities (Athens, Berlin, Brno, Lisbon, Ljubljana, Liverpool, Palma, Venice and Vienna), to explore relationships between violence (carrying a weapon, being threatened or injured with a weapon, being involved in a physical fight), alcohol and drug use, and social capital.11.4% of women and 28.4% of men reported having been involved in a physical fight over the previous month. Logistical regression analyses revealed that being male and younger were predictors for the three violent behaviors; drunkenness and drug use predicted carrying a weapon and being threatened and having many friends predicted carrying a weapon and fighting. There is clearly a need for increasing attention to studying and preventing violence in recreational settings (AU)

El comportamiento violento ligado a los contextos de ocio nocturno constituye un problema que afecta particularmente a la población más joven. Se realizó una encuesta con una muestra de 1.363 jóvenes en nueve ciudades europeas (Atenas, Berlín, Brno, Lisboa, Liubliana, Liverpool, Palma de Mallorca, Venecia y Viena) entre jóvenes que participan con cierta frecuencia en la vida nocturna para explorar la violencia (llevar un arma, haber sido amenazados o heridos con un arma; haber participado en una pelea física), el uso de alcohol y drogas y el capital social. El 11.4% de las mujeres y el 28.4% de los hombres aseguraron haber participado en una pelea física durante el mes anterior. La regresión logística reveló que ser hombre y más joven es un factor de predicción de las tres conductas violentas. La embriaguez y el consumo de drogas predijo portar un arma y haber sido amenazado. Mientras que tener muchos amigos predice portar un arma y pelearse. Es necesario aumentar el interés por el estudio y la prevención de la violencia en lugares de ocio (AU)

[Violence in nightlife environments and its relationship with the consumption of alcohol and drugs among young Spaniards]. / Violencia en contextos recreativos nocturnos: su relación con el consumo de alcohol y drogas entre jóvenes españoles.

Violence in nightlife environments (NE) is a rarely studied phenomenon. There is growing interest in determining its prevalence and its relationship with sociodemographic variables, drunkenness and drug use. A survey to 440 youngsters, selected by the respondent-driven sampling methodology, was conducted, and the inclusion criteria were: to go out regularly, and to use alcohol and/or illegal drugs. The survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Galicia and Comunidad Valenciana. During the past year and while going out at night, 5.2% of the youngsters carried weapons, 11.6% were attacked or threatened with a weapon and 23% got into a fight. Logistic regression revealed that the best predictor for the behaviour of carrying a weapon is polydrug use; whereas amongst those who had been threatened, it was being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use; and for those involved in fights, it was being younger (14-18) and being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use. There is a high prevalence of violent behaviors in NE. Prevention should take into account particularly the younger individuals, those who engage in polydrug use and those who often have fights and discussions related to drug consumption.

Violencia de contextos recreativos nocturnos: su relación con el consumo de alcohol y drogas entre jóvenes españoles / Violence in nightlife environments and its relationship with the consumption of alcohol and drugs among young Spaniards

La violencia en contextos recreativos nocturnos (CRN) es un fenómeno poco estudiado. Interesa conocer su prevalencia y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y con el consumo de alcohol y drogas. Se utiliza una muestra de 440 jóvenes elegidos a través de Respondent driven sampling. Los criterios de inclusión son salir de marcha habitualmente y usar alcohol y/o drogas ilegales, en Baleares, Galicia y Comunidad Valenciana. Durante el último año y en CRN el 5,2% llevó armas, el 11,6% han sido agredidos o amenazados y el 23% se han peleado. La regresión logística muestra que el mejor predictor para llevar armas en CRN es el policonsumo de drogas; si se hace referencia a haber sido amenazado o dañado con un arma el predictor más potente es tener frecuentemente broncas o discusiones relacionadas con el uso de alcohol y/o drogas. Para participar en peleas los predictores son ser más joven (14 a 18 años) y también tener frecuentemente broncas o discusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de conductas violentas en los CRN. La prevención debería tener en cuenta especialmente a los más jóvenes, a los que policonsumen y a los que ya suelen tener broncas y discusiones relacionadas con su consumo(AU)

Violence in nightlife environments (NE) is a rarely studied phenomenon. There is growing interest in determining its prevalence and its relationship with sociodemographic variables, drunkenness and drug use. A survey to 440 youngsters, selected by the respondent-driven sampling methodology, was conducted, and the inclusion criteria were: to go out regularly, and to use alcohol and/or illegal drugs. The survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Galicia and Comunidad Valenciana. During the past year and while going out at night, 5.2% of the youngsters carried weapons, 11.6% were attacked or threatened with a weapon and 23% got into a fight. Logistic regression revealed that the best predictor for the behaviour of carrying a weapon is polydrug use; whereas amongst those who had been threatened, it was being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use; and for those involved in fights, it was being younger (14-18) and being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use. There is a high prevalence of violent behaviors in NE. Prevention should take into account particularly the younger individuals, those who engage in polydrug use and those who often have fights and discussions related to drug consumption(AU)

Sexualidad de riesgo y consumo de drogas en el contexto recreativo. Una perspectiva de género / Risky sexual behaviour and drug use in recreational nightlife context. A gender perspective

En este estudio se analiza la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas con la conducta sexual de riesgo, dentro del contexto recreativo nocturno de fin de semana. Se realizó una encuesta en tres regiones españolas (Baleares, Galicia y Comunidad Valenciana) a una muestra de 440 jóvenes (52,3% mujeres y 47,7% hombres) de entre 14-25 años, que frecuentan la actividad recreativa nocturna. Para la selección de los participantes se utilizó el procedimiento de Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Los resultados indicaron que los varones tenían más relaciones sexuales bajo los efectos del alcohol y otras drogas que las mujeres; sin embargo, no había diferencias significativas entre los sexos en la utilización de preservativo ni en haber mantenido relaciones sexuales de las que luego manifestaban arrepentimiento. Las frecuencias de las salidas nocturnas aumentan el consumo de drogas y la probabilidad de mantener relaciones sexuales bajo los efectos de las sustancias. Sin embargo, la relación entre salidas nocturnas y las prácticas sexuales de riesgo no queda demostrada (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the use of alcohol and other drugs and sexual risk behaviour, within the weekend nightlife recreational context. A survey was carried out in three Spanish regions (Balearic Islands, Galicia, and Comunidad Valenciana) with a sample of 440 young people (52.3% women and 47.7% men), aged 14-25, who regularly take part in nightlife recreational activity. Selection of participants was made using the Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) procedure. The results indicate that men had more sexual relations under the effects of alcohol and other drugs than did women; however, there were no significant differences between the sexes in the use of condoms, or in having had sexual relations that they regretted later on. Frequency of going out in the nightlife context increased the level of drug use and the probability of having sexual relations under the effects of substances. However, no relationship was found between frequency of going out in the nightlife ontext and sexual risk practices (AU)

[Risky sexual behaviour and drug use in recreational nightlife context. A gender perspective]. / Sexualidad de riesgo y consumo de drogas en el contexto recreativo. Una perspectiva de género.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the use of alcohol and other drugs and sexual risk behaviour, within the weekend nightlife recreational context. A survey was carried out in three Spanish regions (Balearic Islands, Galicia, and Comunidad Valenciana) with a sample of 440 young people (52.3% women and 47.7% men), aged 14-25, who regularly take part in nightlife recreational activity. Selection of participants was made using the Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) procedure. The results indicate that men had more sexual relations under the effects of alcohol and other drugs than did women; however, there were no significant differences between the sexes in the use of condoms, or in having had sexual relations that they regretted later on. Frequency of going out in the nightlife context increased the level of drug use and the probability of having sexual relations under the effects of substances. However, no relationship was found between frequency of going out in the nightlife context and sexual risk practices.

[Respondent-Driven Sampling: a new sampling method to study visible and hidden populations]. / Respondent-driven sampling: un nuevo metodo de muestreo para el estudio de poblaciones visibles y ocultas.

The paper introduces a variant of chain-referral sampling: respondent-driven sampling (RDS). This sampling method shows that methods based on network analysis can be combined with the statistical validity of standard probability sampling methods. In this sense, RDS appears to be a mathematical improvement of snowball sampling oriented to the study of hidden populations. However, we try to prove its validity with populations that are not within a sampling frame but can nonetheless be contacted without difficulty. The basics of RDS are explained through our research on young people (aged 14 to 25) who go clubbing, consume alcohol and other drugs, and have sex. Fieldwork was carried out between May and July 2007 in three Spanish regions: Baleares, Galicia and Comunidad Valenciana. The presentation of the study shows the utility of this type of sampling when the population is accessible but there is a difficulty deriving from the lack of a sampling frame. However, the sample obtained is not a random representative one in statistical terms of the target population. It must be acknowledged that the final sample is representative of a 'pseudo-population' that approximates to the target population but is not identical to it.

Respondent-Driven Sampling: un nuevo método de muestreo para el estudio de poblaciones visibles y ocultas / Respondent-Driven Sampling: a new sampling method to study visible and hidden populations

Este artículo presenta una variante de muestreo en cadena: el respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Este método de muestreo prueba que las posibilidades ofrecidas por los métodos basados en análisis de redes se pueden combinar con la validez estadística de los métodos estándar de muestreo probabilístico. En este sentido, el RDS se presenta como una mejora matemática del muestreo por bola de nieve orientada al estudio de poblaciones ocultas. Sin embargo, aquí tratamos de probar su validez para ser utilizado con aquellas poblaciones que no están registradas en marcos muestrales pero que, sin embargo, no ofrecen especiales dificultades para ser contactadas. En este trabajo explicamos el funcionamiento básico de RDS a partir de investigaciones sobre los jóvenes (de entre 14 y 25 años) que salen a divertirse con frecuencia los fines de semana, consumen alcohol y otras drogas y tienen relaciones sexuales. La investigación de campo se realizó entre mayo y julio de 2007 en Baleares, Galicia y Comunidad Valenciana. La presentación que se hace del estudio de muestra la utilidad de este tipo de muestreo cuando la población es accesible pero hay una dificultad que viene generada por la inexistencia de un marco muestral. No obstante, la muestra conseguida no es una muestra aleatoria representativa en términos estadísticos de la población objetivo. Ha de reconocerse que la muestra final obtenida es representativa de una “pseudo población”que se aproxima, aunque dista de ser idéntica, a la población objetivo

The paper introduces a variant of chain-referral sampling: respondent-driven sampling (RDS). This sampling method shows that methods based on network analysis can be combined with the statistical validity of standard probability sampling methods. In this sense, RDS appears to be a mathematical improvement of snowball sampling oriented to the study of hidden populations. However, we try to prove its validity with populations that are not within a sampling frame but can nonetheless be contacted without difficulty. The basics of RDS are explained through our research on young people (aged 14 to 25) who go clubbing, consume alcohol and otherdrugs, and have sex. Fieldwork was carried out between Mayand July 2007 in three Spanish regions: Baleares, Galicia and Comunidad Valenciana. The presentation of the study shows the utility of this type of sampling when the population is accessible but there is a difficulty deriving from the lack of asampling frame. However, the sample obtained is not a random representative one in statistical terms of the target population. It must be acknowledged that the final sample is representative of a “pseudo-population” that approximates to the target population but is not identical to it

[Which drugs are preferred for sex in nightlife recreational settings?]. / Qué drogas se prefieren para las relaciones sexuales en contextos recreativos.

Many people associate the use of alcohol and other drugs with sexuality. It is common to find that each drug is associated with a specific effect on sexuality. Weekend recreational nightlife settings are increasingly important places for the young, and frequented by them more and more in search of sex and drug-taking opportunities. In this research we are interested in the role the young attribute to recreational drugs with regard to their sexual practices. We interviewed a sample of 100 young people from four Spanish cities, using a questionnaire with both open and closed questions. Snowball sampling was used to find those who had had sexual experience, who had taken recreational drugs and who liked going to discos, bars, etc. at the weekend. We found that these young people have a very precise idea of how each drug functions within sexuality. Considering all four parameters analysed, alcohol is by far the most popular (to initiate the sexual encounter, for more unusual or the "hottest" experiences, to increase arousal, and to prolong sex), though in the last case in particular the preferred drug was cocaine. Cannabis does not interest them because of its relaxing effects, while ecstasy is chosen more for remaining active and enjoying oneself than for its sexual effects. Women use alcohol more than men (mainly to increase arousal, when they want unusual sex or to prolong sex) and use cocaine less.

Qué drogas se prefieren para las relaciones sexuales en contextos recreativos / Which drugs are preferred for sex in nightlife recreational settings?

Entre los adolescentes el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas está frecuentemente vinculado al contexto recreativo nocturno, al igual que la búsqueda y experimentación en sexualidad. Cada una de las sustancias tiene efectos en el comportamiento, en la experiencia sexual y en las consecuencias. Aquí se explora cómo experimentan los adolescentes españoles la relación y el rol que ocupan las drogas en la experimentación de la sexualidad en estos contextos recreativos. Se ha utilizado metodología cualitativa para explorar la relación entre sexualidad y drogas en 100 jóvenes de ambos sexos de 4 ciudades españolas, que les gustase salir los fines de semana y con experiencia sexual. Se les localiza mediante el sistema de bola de nieve y se les hace entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados confirman la importancia que adquiere el contexto recreativo nocturno en la búsqueda y experiencia sexual entre los jóvenes. Los jóvenes tienen una idea muy precisa de cómo cada una de ellas funciona en relación con distintas prácticas sexuales. El alcohol es con mucho la más popular y la que tiene más ventajas en las cuatro prácticas sexuales analizadas (facilitar el encuentro sexual, involucrarse en experiencias más arriesgadas, aumentar la excitación y prolongar la relación sexual), excepto para prolongar la relación que se prefiere la cocaína. El cannabis no gusta porque relaja y no hay interés en el éxtasis por sus efectos sobre la sexualidad. A las mujeres les gusta mucho el alcohol para experiencias arriesgadas, aumentar sensaciones y prolongar sexo y utilizarían menos cocaína

Many people associate the use of alcohol and other drugs with sexuality. It is common to find that each drug is associated with a specific effect on sexuality. Weekend recreational nightlife settings are increasingly important places for the young, and frequented by them more and more in search of sex and drug-taking opportunities. In this research we are interested in the role the young attribute to recreational drugs with regard to their sexual practices. We interviewed a sample of 100 young people from four Spanish cities, using a questionnaire with both open and closed questions. Snowball sampling was used to find those who had had sexual experience, who had taken recreational drugs and who liked going to discos, bars, etc. at the weekend. We found that these young people have a very precise idea of how each drug functions within sexuality. Considering all four parameters analysed, alcohol is by far the most popular (to initiate the sexual encounter, for more unusual or the "hottest" experiences, to increase arousal, and to prolong sex), though in the last case in particular the preferred drug was cocaine. Cannabis does not interest them because of its relaxing effects, while ecstasy is chosen more for remaining active and enjoying oneself than for its sexual effects. Women use alcohol more than men (mainly to increase arousal, when they want unusual sex or to prolong sex) and use cocaine less