Immune dysfunction prior to and during vaccination in multiple myeloma: a case study based on COVID-19.

Infection is the leading cause of death in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the cellular composition associated with immune dysfunction is not defined. We analyzed immune profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with MM (n = 28) and B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (n = 53) vs. health care practitioners (n = 96), using multidimensional and computational flow cytometry. MM patients displayed altered distribution of most cell types (41/56, 73%), particularly within the B-cell (17/17) and T-cell (20/30) compartments. Using COVID-19 as a case study, we compared the immune response to vaccination based on 64,304 data points generated from the analysis of 1099 longitudinal samples. MM patients showed limited B-cell expansion linked to lower anti-RBD and anti-S antibody titers after the first two doses and booster. The percentages of B cells and CD4+ T cells in the blood, as well as the absolute counts of B cells and dendritic cells, predicted vaccine immunogenicity at different time points. In contrast with the humoral response, the percentage and antigen-dependent differentiation of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells was not altered in MM patients. Taken together, this study defined the cellular composition associated with immune dysfunction in MM and provided biomarkers such as the B-cell percentage and absolute count to individualize vaccination calendars.

Immune biomarkers to predict SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies.

There is evidence of reduced SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. We hypothesized that tumor and treatment-related immunosuppression can be depicted in peripheral blood, and that immune profiling prior to vaccination can help predict immunogenicity. We performed a comprehensive immunological characterization of 83 hematological patients before vaccination and measured IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to four viral antigens at day +7 after second-dose COVID-19 vaccination using multidimensional and computational flow cytometry. Health care practitioners of similar age were the control group (n = 102). Forty-four out of 59 immune cell types were significantly altered in patients; those with monoclonal gammopathies showed greater immunosuppression than patients with B-cell disorders and Hodgkin lymphoma. Immune dysregulation emerged before treatment, peaked while on-therapy, and did not return to normalcy after stopping treatment. We identified an immunotype that was significantly associated with poor antibody response and uncovered that the frequency of neutrophils, classical monocytes, CD4, and CD8 effector memory CD127low T cells, as well as naive CD21+ and IgM+D+ memory B cells, were independently associated with immunogenicity. Thus, we provide novel immune biomarkers to predict COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in hematological patients, which are complementary to treatment-related factors and may help tailoring possible vaccine boosters.

Uso de antimicrobianos en pacientes con insuficiencia renal o hepática / Antibiotic use in patients with renal or hepatic failure

La presencia de insuficiencia renal y/o de alteración de la función hepática supone el necesario ajuste de la dosis de los antibióticos que se eliminan de forma activa por la orina o por metabolismo hepático, respectivamente. En el primer caso, puede señalarse la conveniencia de reducir la dosis un 30% para cada uno de los niveles de alteración de la función renal (moderada y grave). En la disfunción hepática no puede señalarse una regla global por lo que ha de recurrirse a utilizar la información específica de cada uno de los antibióticos. El uso de hemodiálisis elimina antibióticos con peso molecular y/o fijación a proteínas y/o volumen de distribución reducidos, lo que implica la administración de la dosis inmediatamente después de la sesión, e incluso la administración de dosis supletoria. En el caso de las técnicas de depuración externa más extremas, sólo la presencia de un volumen de distribución elevado garantiza que el antibiótico no será eliminado (AU)

Renal or hepatic failure implies the need adjust the dosage of antibiotics that are eliminated in active form through the kidneys or metabolized through the liver. In the first case, the dose should be reduced by 30% for each level of renal impairment (moderate and severe). In hepatic failure, there is no general rule, and the specific information provided for each antibiotic should be used. Hemodialysis clears antibiotics with a low molecular weight, and a reduced protein binding and distribution volume. Thus, the dose should be administered immediately after the session or a supplementary dose should be provided. When the most intensive extrarenal clearance techniques are used, the presence of a high volume of distribution is the only guarantee that the antibiotic will not be eliminated (AU)

[Antibiotic use in patients with renal or hepatic failure]. / Uso de antimicrobianos en pacientes con insuficiencia renal o hepática.

Renal or hepatic failure implies the need adjust the dosage of antibiotics that are eliminated in active form through the kidneys or metabolized through the liver. In the first case, the dose should be reduced by 30% for each level of renal impairment (moderate and severe). In hepatic failure, there is no general rule, and the specific information provided for each antibiotic should be used. Hemodialysis clears antibiotics with a low molecular weight, and a reduced protein binding and distribution volume. Thus, the dose should be administered immediately after the session or a supplementary dose should be provided. When the most intensive extrarenal clearance techniques are used, the presence of a high volume of distribution is the only guarantee that the antibiotic will not be eliminated.

Absceso intraabdominal posquirúrgico con bacteriemia por Propionibacterium acnes / No disponible

No disponible