Facile fabrication of AgVO3/rGO/BiVO4 hetero junction for efficient degradation and detoxification of norfloxacin.

In the recent past, the development of efficient materials for degradation and detoxification of antibiotics has gained more attention in wastewater treatment process. As a visible light active material AgVO3 has attracted much concern in environmental remediation. To improve its efficiency and stability, a novel heterojunction was prepared by combining AgVO3 with rGO and BiVO4 through a hydrothermal method. The prepared AgVO3/rGO/BiVO4 composite was further utilized for effective detoxification of Norfloxacin (NFC) antibiotic. The morphological analysis revealed the clear rod shaped AgVO3 and leaf like BiVO4 that are evenly distributed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers. The visible light absorbance and the catalytic activity of AgVO3/rGO/BiVO4 was dramatically improved compared to pure AgVO3 and BiVO4. From the results it showed that the degradation efficiency of AgVO3/rGO/BiVO4 (∼96.1%, k = 0.01782 min-1) was 2.5 times higher than pure AgVO3 and 3.4 times higher than the pure BiVO4 respectively towards NFC after 90 min. The higher efficiency could be attributed to the heterojunction formation and faster charge separation. The radical trapping experiments results indicated that the •OH, and O2•- are the main species responsible for degradation. The degradation products of NFC were analysed through ESI-LC/MS and pathway was proposed. Furthermore, the toxicity assessment of pure NFC and its degradation products was studied using E. coli as the model bacteria through colony forming unit assay and the results indicated the efficient detoxification was attained during the degradation process. Thus, our study provides new insight into detoxification of antibiotics using AgVO3 based composites.

Protocadherin 17 functions as a tumor suppressor suppressing Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and cell metastasis and is frequently methylated in breast cancer.

Protocadherins play important roles in the regulation of cell adhesion and signaling transduction. Aberrant expression of protocadherins has been shown to be associated with multiple tumorigenesis. We previously identified PCDH17, encoding protocadherin 17, as a frequently methylated and downregulated tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in gastric and colorectal cancers. Here, we examined the abnormalities and functions of PCDH17 in breast cancer pathogenesis. We used PCR and immunohistochemistry to check its expression pattern in breast tumor cell lines and primary tumors. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was applied to examine its promoter methylation status in breast tumor cell lines and primary tumors. The biological functions of PCDH17 in breast tumor cells were assessed using in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that PCDH17 was frequently downregulated or silenced in 78% (7/9) of breast tumor cell lines, as well as 89% (32/36) of primary tumors. Downregulation of PCDH17 in breast cancer was mainly due to the methylation of its promoter. Ectopic expression of PCDH17 in breast tumor cells inhibited cell proliferation and mobility through arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. In breast tumor cells, PCDH17 significantly suppressed the active ß-catenin level and its downstream target gene expression. Thus, we found that PCDH17 functions as a tumor suppressor inhibiting Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and metastasis in breast cancer but is frequently methylated in primary tumors which could be a potential biomarker.

Epigenetic inactivation of the CpG demethylase TET1 as a DNA methylation feedback loop in human cancers.

Promoter CpG methylation is a fundamental regulatory process of gene expression. TET proteins are active CpG demethylases converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, with loss of 5 hmC as an epigenetic hallmark of cancers, indicating critical roles of TET proteins in epigenetic tumorigenesis. Through analysis of tumor methylomes, we discovered TET1 as a methylated target, and further confirmed its frequent downregulation/methylation in cell lines and primary tumors of multiple carcinomas and lymphomas, including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, renal, breast and cervical carcinomas, as well as non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin and nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, although all three TET family genes are ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. Ectopic expression of TET1 catalytic domain suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells of multiple tissue types, supporting its role as a broad bona fide tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TET1 catalytic domain possessed demethylase activity in cancer cells, being able to inhibit the CpG methylation of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) promoters and reactivate their expression, such as SLIT2, ZNF382 and HOXA9. As only infrequent mutations of TET1 have been reported, compared to TET2, epigenetic silencing therefore appears to be the dominant mechanism for TET1 inactivation in cancers, which also forms a feedback loop of CpG methylation during tumorigenesis.

Modes of acrosin functioning during fertilization.

Mammalian fertilization is a complex process that involves gamete recognition, penetration, and fusion. Biochemical studies that identified the role of acrosome components during sperm-ova interaction especially the zona pellucida (ZP) provided major advances in sperm cell biology. Acrosin (a typical serine protease) functions during fertilization in several significant ways which include: a) activation of acrosome components, b) secondary binding with the ZP, and c) hydrolysis of the ZP. However, studies using knockout (KO) acrosin-deficient mice cast doubt on the traditional role of acrosin in fertilization. The KO acrosin-deficient mice exhibit normal fecundity except for delayed fertilization. Despite the doubt cast on the traditional role of acrosin by the KO acrosin-deficient mouse studies, acrosin still remains a major protease involved in multiple processes of fertilization. In this review, we assess the functional profile of acrosin and briefly summarize recent findings on proteases involved in fertilization. We propose a refined scheme for the functional role of acrosin in fertilization. We particularly emphasize the role of acrosin in acrosome exocytosis and activation of other acrosome components based on advanced technology like structural X-ray analysis.

Gene expression pattern of myosin Va during spermatogenesis of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.

Myosin Va is an F-actin dependent molecular motor with multiple functions that are essential for acrosome formation in mouse spermiogenesis. The spermatozoon of the crab has a complicated acrosome surrounded by a cup-shaped nucleus. In the present study, the myosin Va cDNA was cloned from the testis of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis using degenerate PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The myosin Va cDNA consists of a 125 bp 5'-untranslated region (5' UTR), a 5331 bp open reading frame (ORF) and a 590 bp 3' UTR. The putative myosin Va protein contains the head domain, neck domain and tail domain. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree showed that E. sinensis myosin Va is more closely related to the vertebrate myosin Va than to the invertebrate myosin V. E. sinensis myosin Va was expressed in various tissues. In situ hybridization demonstrated that myosin Va mRNA is located in the entire process of spermatogenesis. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression level at the mitotic and meiotic phases is higher than the spermiogenesis phase. Taken together, our work suggests that myosin Va may function in E. sinensis spermatogenesis.

Gene expression profiles of prohibitin in testes of Octopus tankahkeei (ot-phb) revealing its possible role during spermiogenesis.

Prohibitin is essential for intracellular homeostasis and stabilization of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. To explore its functions during spermiogenesis of Octopus tankahkeei (O. tankahkeei), we have cloned and sequenced the cDNA of this mammalian PHB homologue (termed ot-PHB) from the testes of O. tankahkeei. The 1165 bp ot-phb cDNA contains a 100 bp 5' UTR, a 882 bp open reading frame and a 183 bp 3' UTR. The putative ot-PHB protein owns a transmembrane domain from 6 to 31 amino acid (aa) and a putative PHB domain from 26 to 178 aa. Protein alignment demonstrated that ot-PHB had 73.3, 73.6, 74.0, 75.1, and 45.4% identity with its homologues in Homo sapiens, Mus muculus, Danio rerio, Xenopus tropicalis and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. Tissue distribution profile analysis revealed its presence in all the tissues examined. In situ hybridization in spermiogenic cells demonstrated that ot-phb was expressed moderately at the beginning of the spermiogenesis. The abundance of transcripts increased in intermediate spermatids and in drastically remodeling final spermatids. In mature spermatozoa, the residuary transcripts concentrated around the chondriosomal mantle where mitochondria assemble around. In summary, the expression of ot-phb during spermiogenesis implicates a potential function of this protein during mitochondrial ubiquitination. It is the first time to implicate the role of prohibitin in cephalopod spermiogenesis.

Isolation and characterization of a novel alphanodavirus.

BACKGROUND: Nodaviridae is a family of non-enveloped isometric viruses with bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes. The Nodaviridae family consists of two genera: alpha- and beta-nodavirus. Alphanodaviruses usually infect insect cells. Some commercially available insect cell lines have been latently infected by Alphanodaviruses. RESULTS: A non-enveloped small virus of approximately 30 nm in diameter was discovered co-existing with a recombinant Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) in Hz-AM1 cells. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic assays indicate that this novel virus belongs to the genus of alphanodavirus in the family Nodaviridae and was designated HzNV. HzNV possesses a RNA genome that contains two segments. RNA1 is 3038 nt long and encodes a 110 kDa viral protein termed protein A. The 1404 nt long RNA2 encodes a 44 kDa protein, which exhibits a high homology with coat protein precursors of other alphanodaviruses. HzNV virions were located in the cytoplasm, in association with cytoplasmic membrane structures. The host susceptibility test demonstrated that HzNV was able to infect various cell lines ranging from insect cells to mammalian cells. However, only Hz-AM1 appeared to be fully permissive for HzNV, as the mature viral coat protein essential for HzNV particle formation was limited to Hz-AM1 cells. CONCLUSION: A novel alphanodavirus, which is 30 nm in diameter and with a limited host range, was discovered in Hz-AM1 cells.