RESUMO
Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold, decreasing the quality of table grapes. The berry response to B. cinerea infection was explored in present study, focusing on the relationship between presence of autophagy and programmed cell death (PCD). Results demonstrated B. cinerea infection decreased cell viability, triggering cell death, possibly resulting in PCD occurrence. It was further verified by increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive nuclei, heightened caspase 3-like and caspase 9-like protease activity, and elevated expression of metacaspase genes. Additionally, autophagy was indicated by the increased VvATG expression and autophagosome formation. Notably, the autophagy activator rapamycin reduced TUNEL-positive nuclei, whereas the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine increased caspase 9-like protease activity. The PCD activator C2-ceramide inhibited autophagy, whereas the PCD inhibitor Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DEVD-CHO) enhanced autophagy gene expression. Autophagy and B. cinerea-induced PCD in berry cells are reciprocally negatively regulated; and the rapamycin and Ac-DEVD-CHO could potentially maintain table grape edible quality.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Autofagia , Botrytis , Vitis , Botrytis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Vitis/química , Vitis/microbiologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Frutas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
The big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), has a widespread distribution across numerous regions globally. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified it as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species worldwide, given the severe ecological and economic harm it causes in invaded areas. In this study, we predicted the present and future global distribution of P. megacephala, taking into account known distribution points and bioclimatic factors. Our results indicated that temperature is the primary factor affecting the distribution of P. megacephala, with potential suitable areas currently found mainly in South America, Southern North America, Western Europe, Coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, Southern Africa, Southern Asia, Islands in Southeast Asia, and coastal regions of Australia. The total suitable area spans 3,352.48â ×â 104 km2. In China, the potential suitable area for P. megacephala is 109.02â ×â 104 km2, representing 11.36% of China's land area. In the future, based on different climatic conditions, the suitable area of P. megacephala generally showed a declining trend, but some newly added suitable areas showed that it had a tendency to expand to higher latitudes. Relevant agencies should implement effective measures to control P. megacephala populations to mitigate damage in invaded areas and slow down or prevent the spread of big-headed ants into noninvaded regions.
Assuntos
Formigas , Animais , Austrália , Espécies Introduzidas , TemperaturaRESUMO
Invasive ants are some of the most destructive species in ecosystems and can have serious ecological and socioeconomic impacts. The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, is native to Central and South America and was listed as one of the 100 most threatening major invasive organisms in the world by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The presence of W. auropunctata was first reported on the Chinese mainland in January 2022, but its distribution in China is still unclear. In this study, MaxEnt was used to predict the potential distribution of W. auropunctata in China based on known distribution points and climatic variables. The prediction results showed that most of the area south of the Yangtze River is potentially suitable for W. auropunctata, and temperature is the main factor affecting its distribution. The contemporary total suitable living area of W. auropunctata is 1,954,300 km2, accounting for 20.36% of China's total land area. Further attention should be given to the potential impact of W. auropunctata invasions, and effective measures should be taken to eliminate the introduced population in China.