Protective effects of tryptophan on neuro-inflammation in rats after administering lipopolysaccharide.

Tryptophan (TRP), which plays an important role in immune system regulation, protein synthesis, serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin production, is a potent endogenous free radical scavenger and antioxidant. The aim of this work was to determine the efficacy of TRP in neuro-inflammation induced by systemic administration of lipopolysacharide (LPS, 20mg/kg) which promotes the synthesis of free radical (LPO: MDA and 4-HDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokine Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in different brain regions (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) of rats. Experiments were performed on adult female, pregnant and lactating rats fed with a diet of TRP content (0.5mg/100g protein), cerebral cortex and hippocampus were evaluated for lipid peroxidation (LPO) products, nitrites, nitrates and plasmatic concentration of IFN-γ. LPO levels in LPS+TRP groups were significantly decreased than that obtained in the LPS group. However, there were no observed differences in plasmatic levels of nitrites and nitrates as well as IFN-γ, neither in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus. The TRP has protective effect in the oxidative damage in a model of endotoxic shock in the breading nurslings induced by the systemic administration of LPS, acting as a scavenger of free radicals. So, it can be proposed as an innocuous protector agent in the endotoxic shock process.

Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: Immunity and prospects for vaccine development

Chlamydia trachomatis es una bacteria intracelular obligada con un ciclo de desarrollo bifásico. Actualmente este organismo es considerado mundialmente como la principal causa de enfermedad sexual transmisible en medicina humana. Paralelamente a este hecho, en los últimos años se ha incrementado notablemente la prevalencia de enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria, gestaciones ectópicas e infertilidad asociadas a C. trachomatis.El control definitivo de todos estos procesos solo será posible si es desarrollada una vacuna segura y eficaz. Un conocimiento más profundo de la inmunidad protectora y de la inmunopatología de C. trachomatisen los últimos años ha sido posible gracias a la utilización de un modelo murino de infección. Estos importantes avances en la investigación de la inmunobiología de C. trachomatis ha permitido establecer cuales son los parámetros inmunológicos esenciales para la selección de vacunas eficaces frente a la infección como el establecimiento de una respuesta inmune tipo Th1, necesaria para la eliminación del microorganismo. Los recientes avances en el estudio del genoma clamidial ha permitido la identificación de productos génicos clamidiales que podrían ser candidatos óptimos para ser incluidos en una vacuna subcelular. No obstante es necesario desarrollar nuevos y efectivos sistemas asociados al antígeno vacunal como adyuvantes, sistemas de liberación o vesículas transportadoras de antígenos (liposomas). En el presente artículo se revisa el estado actual de la investigación en el campo de la inmunobiología, patología y nuevos diseños de vacunas frente a C. trachomatis. Además, hemos creído conveniente incluir en la presente revisión datos aportados en otros estudios sobre infecciones genitales por clamidias de gran importancia en medicina veterinaria, como es el caso de Chlamydophila abortus, agente etiológico del aborto en zoótico ovino y causante de abortos en la mujer (AU)

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacteria characterized by a biphasic development cycle of replication. The organism is now recognized the major cause of sexually transmissible human bacterial infections throughout the world. Paralleling this rise in chlamydial infection during recent decades, the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility has undergone a steadyincrease. Definitive control of C. trachomatis sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) is possible through the development of a safe and effective vaccine.A better understanding of the protective immunity and immunopathology of C. trachomatis has emerged in recent years from studies using a mouse model of chlamydial genital tract infection. The important progressin our knowledge of functional immunobiology of Chlamydia has established the essential immunologic parameters for vaccine selection and evaluation, including the obligatory requirement for a vaccine to inducea T-helper Type 1 immune response that controls chlamydiae. Recent advances in chlamydial genomics should facilitate identification of likely chlamydial gene products that fulfil the antigenic requirements of putativevaccine candidates. Further studies are however needed in the development of novel and effective delivery systems, vehicles and adjuvants.This review summarizes the status of contemporary C. trachomatis immunobiology,immunopathology and vaccine research. Also, in this article we review data generated from other studies on chlamydial genital infections in veterinary medicine such as those into Chlamydophila abort us, the most frequent cause of infectious abortion in sheep (ovine enzootic abortion,or OEA) and goat. This organism is also considered an important zoonotic agent cause of severe, life threatening disease in pregnant women (AU)

Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: Immunity and prospects for vaccine development

Chlamydia trachomatis es una bacteria intracelular obligada con unciclo de desarrollo bifásico. Actualmente este organismo es consideradomundialmente como la principal causa de enfermedad sexual transmisibleen medicina humana. Paralelamente a este hecho, en los últimosaños se ha incrementado notablemente la prevalencia de enfermedad pélvicainflamatoria, gestaciones ectópicas e infertilidad asociadas a C. trachomatis.El control definitivo de todos estos procesos solo será posiblesi es desarrollada una vacuna segura y eficaz. Un conocimiento más profundode la inmunidad protectora y de la inmunopatología de C. trachomatisen los últimos años ha sido posible gracias a la utilización de unmodelo murino de infección. Estos importantes avances en la investigaciónde la inmunobiología de C. trachomatis ha permitido establecer cualesson los parámetros inmunológicos esenciales para la selección de vacunaseficaces frente a la infección como el establecimiento de una respuestainmune tipo Th1, necesaria para la eliminación del microorganismo. Losrecientes avances en el estudio del genoma clamidial ha permitido la identificaciónde productos génicos clamidiales que podrían ser candidatosóptimos para ser incluidos en una vacuna subcelular. No obstante es necesariodesarrollar nuevos y efectivos sistemas asociados al antígeno vacunalcomo adyuvantes, sistemas de liberación o vesículas transportadorasde antígenos (liposomas). En el presente artículo se revisa el estado actualde la investigación en el campo de la inmunobiología, patología y nuevosdiseños de vacunas frente a C. trachomatis. Además, hemos creídoconveniente incluir en la presente revisión datos aportados en otros estudiossobre infecciones genitales por clamidias de gran importancia enmedicina veterinaria, como es el caso de Chlamydophila abortus, agenteetiológico del aborto enzoótico ovino y causante de abortos en la mujer

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacteria characterizedby a biphasic development cycle of replication. The organism is nowrecognized the major cause of sexually transmissible human bacterialinfections throughout the world. Paralleling this rise in chlamydial infectionduring recent decades, the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility has undergone a steadyincrease. Definitive control of C. trachomatis sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) is possible through the development of a safe and effective vaccine.A better understanding of the protective immunity and immunopathologyof C. trachomatis has emerged in recent years from studies usinga mouse model of chlamydial genital tract infection. The important progressin our knowledge of functional immunobiology of Chlamydia hasestablished the essential immunologic parameters for vaccine selectionand evaluation, including the obligatory requirement for a vaccine to inducea T-helper Type 1 immune response that controls chlamydiae. Recentadvances in chlamydial genomics should facilitate identification of likelychlamydial gene products that fulfil the antigenic requirements of putativevaccine candidates. Further studies are however needed in the developmentof novel and effective delivery systems, vehicles and adjuvants.This review summarizes the status of contemporary C. trachomatis immunobiology,immunopathology and vaccine research. Also, in this articlewe review data generated from other studies on chlamydial genital infectionsin veterinary medicine such as those into Chlamydophila abortus, themost frequent cause of infectious abortion in sheep (ovine enzootic abortion,or OEA) and goat. This organism is also considered an importantzoonotic agent cause of severe, life threatening disease in pregnant women

[Scheduled consultation in primary care. Analysis of several relevant factors]. / Consulta programada en atención primaria. Análisis de algunos factores implicados en su funcionamiento.

We carried out a longitudinal prospective study of 5179 appointments with 1782 patients, which generated 4483 scheduled consultation in a 10-month period, so as to evaluate changes in compliance, duration of visit and month of appointment, depending on the age and sex of the patient and the cause for consultation. There were no sex or age group differences in compliance, but there were differences depending on the cause for consultation (p less than 0.0001). Obesity, dyslipemia and family planning were the groups with the lowest compliance. A time longer than 15 minutes for each visit was spent in a greater number of women than of men (p less than 0.0001). The age group with the longest time interval per visit was the 25-34 years group. There was also a difference depending on the cause for consultation, which was also not randomly distributed throughout the surveyed months (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that the compliance with appointments was directly related with the perceived morbidity, that subprograms of attention to women take a longer time per visit, and that the month of appointment determines the distribution of the causes for consultation.