Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in school-aged preterm infants: A systematic review.

Preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestational age) is associated with certain risks to child development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize available and updated empirical evidence on prematurity as a risk factor for cognitive development in school age. Thus, we attempted to identify similarities and differences with the full-term population and to point out possible risk or protective factors among the biological, psychosocial and family variables. The conceptualization and methodology of this review followed the PRISMA recommendations. The search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Dialnet databases, in May 2022. The search was limited to journal articles, published between 2012 and 2022, in English and Spanish. Research articles selected were those focused on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of preterm children aged 6-12 years. The review included studies with cross-sectional or longitudinal cohorts, compared to a control group of children born at term or to standardized scales. The quality of evidence of the selected studies was verified with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The initial search identified 1,040 articles. Forty articles met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this review. These studies involved 5,396 preterm children from 37 different cohorts. Despite the diversity found among the results, in general, total IQ scores were within the normative mean for premature children; however, compared to their full-term peers, these scores were lower. The most studied variables in relation to IQ are perinatal (e.g., gestational age and birth weight) and family (e.g., socioeconomic level and education level of the mother). Recent studies corroborate that premature birth affects cognitive development in school age, and identify associated perinatal and family variables. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=337371; identifier: CRD42022337371.

Estrategias Latinoamericanas para la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano ­ una revisión temática / Latin american strategies for vaccination against human papillomavirus infection - a thematic review / Estrategias latinoamericanas para a vacinação contra o virus do papiloma humano ­ uma revisão temática

Objetivo: Conocer las estrategias para asumir la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano en América Latina a partir de una revisión temática internacional, para encontrar experiencias que contribuyan a mantener resultados satisfactorios en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de literatura internacional en español, inglés y portugués sobre el estado de implementación y éxito del programa de vacunación en América Latina en bases de datos: Medline, Embase y Cochrane, portales de Organización Mundial y Panamericana de la Salud, páginas web de entes rectores y sitios electrónicos especializados en control del cáncer. Resultados: Se revisaron 97 referencias. En la región, diez países incorporaron dosis de la vacuna en sus esquemas para niñas entre 9 y 13 años; realizan diversas estrategias a corto plazo para mantener sus tasas de cobertura; siendo la articulación de los sectores salud-educación, el reconocimiento del contexto y la obligatoriedad las más exitosas. Conclusión: La situación en otros países en la implementación de la vacunación contra el VPH, muestra que la alianza entre salud, educación y comunicación es clave para mantener resultados satisfactorios. Educar y sensibilizar puede mantener la articulación con la comunidad. La aceptación o rechazo de la vacunación, depende del grado de información de la población; por tanto, es útil la consulta con profesionales de la salud y la aplicación de consentimiento informado para reducir la incertidumbre

Objective: To know the strategies to take responsibility for vaccination against human papillomavirus infection in Latin America through an international thematic review to find experiences that contribute to maintain satisfactory results in Colombia. Materials and methods: A review of international literature in Spanish, English and Portuguese about the state of implementation and achievement of the vaccination programs used in Latin America was carried out using the Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library electronic databases, portals of the World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization, governmental websites, and websites specialized in cancer control. Results: Ninety-seven references were reviewed. Ten countries in the region incorporated the vaccine doses in their program among 9 and 13 years old girls. They perform several short-term strategies to maintain their coverage rates, being the articulation between the health-education sectors, the context recognition, and their obligatory nature the most successful. Conclusion: The situation in other countries regarding the implementation of an HPV-vaccination program shows that the alliance between healthcare, education and communication is the key to the sustainability of satisfactory results. Educating and raising awareness can maintain the articulation with the community. The acceptance or rejection of the vaccine depends on the degree of information of the population. Therefore, consultation with health-professionals and the application of informed consent are useful to reduce uncertainty.

Objetivo: Com as estratégias para assumir a vacinação contra o vírus do papiloma humano em América Latina a partir de uma revisão temática internacional, para encontrar experiências que contribuíam a manter resultados satisfatórios em Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Realizou se uma revisão de literatura internacional em espanhol, inglês e português sobre o estado de implementação e êxito do programa de vacinação em América Latina em bases de dados: Medline, Embase e Cochrane, portais de Organização Mundial e Panamericana da Saúde, páginas web de entes reitores e sites eletrônicos especializados em controle do câncer. Resultados: Conferiram- se 97 referencias. Na região, dez países incluem dosagem da vacina em seus esquemas para meninas entre 9 e 13 anos; realizam diversas estratégias a corto prazo para manter suas taxas de cobertura; sendo a articulação dos setores saúde- educação, o reconhecimento do contexto e a obrigatoriedade com mais sucesso. Conclusão: As situações em outros países incluíram a vacinação contra o VPH, amostra que a união entre saúde, educação e comunicação é clave para manter resultados satisfatórios. Educar e sensibilizar pode manter a articulação com a comunidade. A aceitação o rejeição da vacinação, depende do grau de informação da povoação; por tanto, é útil a consulta com profissionais da saúde e a aplicação de consentimento informado para reduzir a incerteza.

Heat stress, divergent nutrition level, and late pregnancy in hair sheep: effects upon cotyledon development and litter weight at birth.

The effect of two divergent nutritional levels during late pregnancy upon some physiological variables and the number (NC) and diameter (DC) of placental cotyledons along with litter weight at birth (LWB) on heat-stressed (42-45 °C) hair ewes was evaluated. Multiparous Katahdin x Pelibuey ewes (n = 24) at the onset of the 3/3 of pregnancy were randomly assigned to two treatments (n = 12): (1) non-nutritionally restricted (NNR) ewes, with free access to wheat straw plus 500 g/day of concentrate, and (2) nutritionally restricted (NR) ewes, receiving only wheat straw ad libitum. On days 100, 115, 130, and 145 of gestation, the body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR) were registered in the afternoon (15:00) while the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. At lambing, NC, DC, and LWB were also registered. Analyses considered a completely random design (CRD)-ANOVA with repeated measures across time, considering to litter size (LS) as covariable to reduce any possible influence of LS upon the response variables along experimental diets. BW and BCS were higher in NNR ewes at days 115, 130, and 145. Despite RT similarities (P < 0.05) between treatments, RR was greater (P < 0.01) in the NNR ewes, particularly towards the end of the experimental period. The observed THI averages confirmed severe heat stress conditions on ewes all day round across the experimental period, yet, NC, DC, and LWB favored (P < 0.05) to the NNR ewes. Despite that NNR ewes faced a significant heat stress based on the observed THI values, they consumed a diet with an increased energy-protein density, suggesting that the increased RR in the NNR group was exerted as a compensatory thermoregulation mechanism. Nutritional supplementation in hair ewes besides to an increase the energy body reserves (BW and BCS) also improved both the number and size of cotyledons, while generated an increased litter weight at birth.

[Tobacco control initiatives in Colombia's Congress, 1992-2007]. / Las iniciativas para el control del tabaco en el Congreso de Colombia: 1992-2007.

OBJECTIVES: To review tobacco bills introduced in Colombia's Congress and to compare these proposed measures to those of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). METHODS: Bills on tobacco-related products in the Congress of the Republic of Colombia in July 1992-July 2007 were identified from the records of the Senate and the House of Representatives' Legal Office. Eighteen semistructured interviews of key players were conducted and the debate proceedings of three bills were observed. RESULTS: Eighteen bills were evaluated; none was comprehensive-even when FCTC measures were included, these were partial or went in a different direction, indicating little awareness of the most effective tobacco control measures. Little compromise was observed on the part of the Congress, the Executive Branch, or the authors who were themselves seeking approval of the proposal. None of these bills became law. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco bills in the Colombian Congress during the study period could not ensure the development of legislation that is sufficiently effective in controlling tobacco in the country and could not provide a successful journey through a rigorous legislative process. Bills must be comprehensive, even when measures evolve gradually, and more attention must be given to the legislative process that must be completed for approval.

Las iniciativas para el control del tabaco en el Congreso de Colombia: 1992-2007 / Tobacco control initiatives in Colombia's Congress, 1992-2007

OBJETIVOS: Analizar los proyectos de ley presentados en el Congreso colombiano relacionados con el control del tabaco y contrastar las medidas propuestas con las contenidas en el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT). MÉTODOS: Se identificaron los proyectos de ley relacionados con el control de los productos derivados del tabaco radicados en el Congreso de la República de Colombia entre julio de 1992 y julio de 2007, a partir de los libros de las oficinas de leyes del Senado y de la Cámara de Representantes. Se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave y se asistió a los debates de tres proyectos de ley. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 18 proyectos; ninguno de ellos era integral, pues si bien incluían medidas contempladas en el CMCT, estas eran parciales y no siempre iban en su misma dirección, lo que reflejó un escaso conocimiento de las medidas más eficaces para el control del tabaco. Se observó poco compromiso por parte del Congreso, el Ejecutivo y los propios autores para la aprobación de los proyectos. Ninguno de estos proyectos se convirtió en ley. CONCLUSIONES: Los proyectos de ley para el control del tabaco radicados en el Congreso colombiano en el período estudiado no garantizaban el desarrollo de una legislación suficientemente eficaz para controlar el tabaquismo en el país y no se garantizó su tránsito exitoso a través de los trámites legislativos de rigor. Los proyectos de ley deben ser integrales, aún cuando las medidas se desarrollen gradualmente, y se debe prestar mayor atención a los trámites legislativos que deben cumplir para su aprobación.

OBJECTIVES: To review tobacco bills introduced in Colombia's Congress and to compare these proposed measures to those of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). METHODS: Bills on tobacco-related products in the Congress of the Republic of Colombia in July 1992-July 2007 were identified from the records of the Senate and the House of Representatives' Legal Office. Eighteen semistructured interviews of key players were conducted and the debate proceedings of three bills were observed. RESULTS: Eighteen bills were evaluated; none was comprehensive-even when FCTC measures were included, these were partial or went in a different direction, indicating little awareness of the most effective tobacco control measures. Little compromise was observed on the part of the Congress, the Executive Branch, or the authors who were themselves seeking approval of the proposal. None of these bills became law. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco bills in the Colombian Congress during the study period could not ensure the development of legislation that is sufficiently effective in controlling tobacco in the country and could not provide a successful journey through a rigorous legislative process. Bills must be comprehensive, even when measures evolve gradually, and more attention must be given to the legislative process that must be completed for approval.