Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) in Severe Lower Extremity Trauma: Pooled Data from 7 Multicenter, Prospective Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) is a well validated, widely used patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure for orthopaedic patients. Despite its widespread use and acceptance, this measure does not have an agreed upon minimal clinically important difference (MCID). The purpose of the present study was to create distributional MCIDs with use of a large cohort of research participants with severe lower extremity fractures. METHODS: Three distributional approaches were used to calculate MCIDs for the Dysfunction and Bother Indices of the SMFA as well as all its domains: (1) half of the standard deviation (one-half SD), (2) twice the standard error of measurement (2SEM), and (3) minimal detectable change (MDC). In addition to evaluating by patient characteristics and the timing of assessment, we reviewed these calculations across several injury groups likely to affect functional outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 4,298 SMFA assessments were collected from 3,185 patients who had undergone surgical treatment of traumatic injuries of the lower extremity at 60 Level-I trauma centers across 7 multicenter, prospective clinical studies. Depending on the statistical approach used, the MCID associated with the overall sample ranged from 7.7 to 10.7 for the SMFA Dysfunction Index and from 11.0 to 16.8 for the SMFA Bother Index. For the Dysfunction Index, the variability across the scores was small (<5%) within the sex and age subgroups but was modest (12% to 18%) across subgroups related to assessment timing. CONCLUSIONS: A defensible MCID can be found between 7 and 11 points for the Dysfunction Index and between 11 and 17 points for the Bother Index. The precise choice of MCID may depend on the preferred statistical approach and the population under study. While differences exist between MCID values based on the calculation method, values were consistent across the categories of the various subgroups presented. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Language and reading in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder + developmental language disorder.

Background: The current study sought to examine whether psycholinguistic assessments could discriminate children and adolescents with developmental language disorder (DLD) from those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; combined or inattentive subtype) and comorbid DLD + ADHD. Methods: The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Screening Test (CELFST; Wiig et al., 2013), the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (nonword repetition subtest; Wagner et al., 2013), and the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (sight word and phonemic decoding subtests; Torgesen et al., 2012) were examined in 441 children and adolescents between 6 and 16 years of age. Results: The presence of a language disorder (with or without ADHD) predicted poor performance across tasks. Children and adolescents with ADHD (combined vs. inattentive) only significantly differed in sight word reading, in favor of those with combined type. Measures of reading efficiency could distinguish between the two types of ADHD, but not between other groups. Interestingly, scores on the standard language screener were no worse for children with ADHD + DLD than children with DLD only. Conclusions: The combination of comorbid ADHD + DLD did not appear to be associated with lower language abilities, sight word reading, or phonemic decoding relative to DLD alone. Reading efficiency was effective in discriminating between ADHD subtypes. These findings offer valuable insights into differential diagnosis and the identification of comorbidity.

Host preference patterns in domestic and wild settings: Insights into Anopheles feeding behavior.

The adaptation of Anopheles malaria vectors to domestic settings is directly linked to their ability to feed on humans. The strength of this species-habitat association is unequal across the species within the genus, with the major vectors being particularly dependent on humans. However, our understanding of how blood-feeding behavior interacts with and adapts to environmental settings, including the presence of humans, remains limited. Using a field-based approach, we first investigated Anopheles community structure and feeding behavior patterns in domestic and sylvatic settings in La Lopé National Park in Gabon, Central Africa. We characterized the preference indices using a dual-host choice sampling approach across mosquito species, habitats, and seasons. We then quantified the plastic biting behavior of mosquito species in each habitat. We collected individuals from 16 Anopheles species that exhibited significant differences in species composition and abundance between sylvatic and domestic settings. The host-seeking behavior also varied among the seven most abundant species. The general attractiveness to each host, human or animal, remained relatively constant for each species, but with significant variations between habitats across species. These variations, to more generalist and to more anthropophilic behavior, were related to seasonal changes and distance from the village, respectively. Finally, we pointed out that the host choice of major malaria vectors changed in the absence of humans, revealing a plastic feeding behavior of these species. This study highlights the effect of humans on Anopheles distribution and feeding evolution. The characterization of feeding behavior in wild and domestic settings provides opportunities to better understand the interplay between genetic determinants of host preference and ecological factors. Our findings suggest that protected areas may offer alternative thriving conditions to major malaria vectors.

Event-related Potential Measures of Visual Word Processing in Monolingual and Bilingual Children and Adults: A Focus on Word Frequency Effects.

How does language background influence the neural correlates of visual word recognition in children? To address this question, we used an ERP lexical decision task to examine first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) visual word processing in monolingual and bilingual school-aged children and young adults (n = 123). In particular, we focused on the effects of word frequency (an index of lexical accessibility) on RTs and the N400 ERP component. Behaviorally, we found larger L1 versus L2 word frequency effects among bilingual children, driven by faster and more accurate responses to higher-frequency words (no other language or age group differences were observed). Neurophysiologically, we found larger L1 word frequency effects in bilinguals versus monolinguals (across both age groups), reflected in more negative ERP amplitudes to lower-frequency words. However, the bilingual groups processed L1 and L2 words similarly, despite lower levels of subjective and objective L2 proficiency. Taken together, our findings suggest that divided L1 experience (but not L2 experience) influences the neural correlates of visual word recognition across childhood and adulthood.

Challenges of Robust RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing in Aedes Mosquitoes.

In this study, we report the complexities and challenges associated with achieving robust RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene knockdown in the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, a pivotal approach for genetic analysis and vector control. Despite RNAi's potential for species-specific gene targeting, our independent efforts to establish oral delivery of RNAi for identifying genes critical for mosquito development and fitness encountered significant challenges, failing to reproduce previously reported potent RNAi effects. We independently evaluated a range of RNAi-inducing molecules (siRNAs, shRNAs, and dsRNAs) and administration methods (oral delivery, immersion, and microinjection) in three different laboratories. We also tested various mosquito strains and utilized microorganisms for RNA delivery. Our results reveal a pronounced inconsistency in RNAi efficacy, characterized by minimal effects on larval survival and gene expression levels in most instances despite strong published effects for the tested targets. One or multiple factors, including RNase activity in the gut, the cellular internalization and processing of RNA molecules, and the systemic dissemination of the RNAi signal, could be involved in this variability, all of which are barely understood in mosquitoes. The challenges identified in this study highlight the necessity for additional research into the underlying mechanisms of mosquito RNAi to develop more robust RNAi-based methodologies. Our findings emphasize the intricacies of RNAi application in mosquitoes, which present a substantial barrier to its utilization in genetic control strategies.

Genomic Signatures of Microgeographic Adaptation in Anopheles coluzzii Along an Anthropogenic Gradient in Gabon.

Species distributed across heterogeneous environments often evolve locally adapted populations, but understanding how these persist in the presence of homogenizing gene flow remains puzzling. In Gabon, Anopheles coluzzii, a major African malaria mosquito is found along an ecological gradient, including a sylvatic population, away of any human presence. This study identifies into the genomic signatures of local adaptation in populations from distinct environments including the urban area of Libreville, and two proximate sites 10km apart in the La Lopé National Park (LLP), a village and its sylvatic neighborhood. Whole genome re-sequencing of 96 mosquitoes unveiled ∼ 5.7millions high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms. Coalescent-based demographic analyses suggest an ∼ 8,000-year-old divergence between Libreville and La Lopé populations, followed by a secondary contact ( ∼ 4,000 ybp) resulting in asymmetric effective gene flow. The urban population displayed reduced effective size, evidence of inbreeding, and strong selection pressures for adaptation to urban settings, as suggested by the hard selective sweeps associated with genes involved in detoxification and insecticide resistance. In contrast, the two geographically proximate LLP populations showed larger effective sizes, and distinctive genomic differences in selective signals, notably soft-selective sweeps on the standing genetic variation. Although neutral loci and chromosomal inversions failed to discriminate between LLP populations, our findings support that microgeographic adaptation can swiftly emerge through selection on standing genetic variation despite high gene flow. This study contributes to the growing understanding of evolution of populations in heterogeneous environments amid ongoing gene flow and how major malaria mosquitoes adapt to human. Significance: Anopheles coluzzii , a major African malaria vector, thrives from humid rainforests to dry savannahs and coastal areas. This ecological success is linked to its close association with domestic settings, with human playing significant roles in driving the recent urban evolution of this mosquito. Our research explores the assumption that these mosquitoes are strictly dependent on human habitats, by conducting whole-genome sequencing on An. coluzzii specimens from urban, rural, and sylvatic sites in Gabon. We found that urban mosquitoes show de novo genetic signatures of human-driven vector control, while rural and sylvatic mosquitoes exhibit distinctive genetic evidence of local adaptations derived from standing genetic variation. Understanding adaptation mechanisms of this mosquito is therefore crucial to predict evolution of vector control strategies.

Total irrigation by crop in the Continental United States from 2008 to 2020.

We provide a dataset of irrigation water withdrawals by crop, county, year, and water source within the United States. We employ a framework we previously developed to establish a companion dataset to our original estimates. The main difference is that we now use the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) variable 'irrigation - total' to partition PCR-GLOBWB 2 hydrology model estimates, instead of 'irrigation - crop' as used in previous estimates. Our findings for Surface Water Withdrawals (SWW), total Groundwater Withdrawals (GWW), and nonrenewable Groundwater Depletion (GWD) are similar to those of prior estimates but now have better spatial coverage, since several states are missing from the USGS 'irrigation - crop' variable that was originally used. Irrigation water use increases in this study, since more states are included and 'irrigation - total' includes more categories of irrigation than 'irrigation - crop'. Notably, irrigation in the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer is now captured for rice and soy. We provide nearly 2.5 million data points with this paper (3,142 counties; 13 years; 3 water sources; and 20 crops).

Differential influence of quadriceps rate of torque development on single- and double-leg landing mechanics in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed and control females.

PURPOSE: The capacity to explosively contract quadriceps within the critical timeframe associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, quantified by the rate of torque development, is potentially essential for safe landing mechanics. This study aimed to investigate the influence of explosive quadriceps strength on ACL-related sagittal-plane landing mechanics in females with and without ACL reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: Quadriceps explosive strength and landing mechanics were assessed in 19 ACLR and 19 control females during isometric contractions and double- and single-leg jump landings. A stepwise multiple linear regression model determined the variance in each of the landing biomechanics variables for the ACLR limb and nondominant limb of controls that could be explained by the group, rate of torque development and/or their interaction. If peak kinetic variables could be predicted by the rate of torque development or interaction, additional analyses were conducted, accounting for knee flexion as a covariate in the regression model. RESULTS: During single-leg landings, ACLR females exhibited greater knee flexion at initial contact than controls (p = 0.04). Greater quadriceps rate of torque development predicted higher peak posterior ground reaction force and anterior tibial shear force in both groups (p = 0.04). However, after controlling for knee flexion angle at those peak forces, quadriceps rate of torque development was not predictive. In double-leg landings, greater explosive quadriceps strength was associated with quicker attainment of peak knee extension moment and posterior ground reaction force in the ACLR limb (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Regardless of ACL injury status, females with greater explosive quadriceps strength adopted safer single-leg landings through increased knee flexion, potentially mitigating ACL loading despite encountering higher peak forces. During double-leg landings, a greater explosive quadriceps strength of the ACLR limb is associated with faster achievement of peak force upon landing. Incorporating explosive quadriceps strengthening into post-ACLR rehabilitation and injury prevention programmes may enhance landing mechanics for reducing primary and subsequent ACL injury risks. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

"Full factorial design of experiments dataset for parallel-connected lithium-ion cells imbalanced performance investigation".

This paper shares an experimental dataset of lithium-ion battery parallel-connected modules. The campaign, conducted at the Stanford Energy Control Laboratory, employs a comprehensive full factorial Design of Experiment methodology on ladder-configured parallel strings. A total of 54 test conditions were investigated under various operating temperatures, cell-to-cell interconnection resistance, cell chemistry, and aging levels. The module-level testing procedure involved Constant Current Constant Voltage (CC-CV) charging and Constant Current (CC) discharge. Beyond monitoring total module current and voltage, Hall sensors and thermocouples were employed to measure the signals from each individual cell to quantify both current and temperature distribution within each tested module configuration. Additionally, the dataset contains cell characterization data for every cell (i.e. NCA Samsung INR21700-50E and NMC LG-Chem INR21700-M50T) used in the module-level experiments. This dataset provides valuable resources for developing battery physics-based, empirical, and data-driven models at single cell and module level. Ultimately, it contributes to advance our understanding of how cell-to-cell heterogeneity propagates within the module and how that affects the overall system performance.

Selective leaching of indium from spent LCD screens by siderophore desferrioxamine E.

Given the criticality of indium (In) in high-tech applications, spent LCD screens can represent a viable secondary In resource. In this work, an innovative and alternative technology to selectively leach In from spent LCD screens using a microbial chelating agent, desferrioxamine E (DFOE), was developed. Indium was concentrated from spent LCD screens by implementing an adapted pre-treatment procedure, allowing the isolation of an indium-rich glassy fraction. During leaching, the competition between aluminum (Al) and In for complexation with DFOE leads to the precipitation of In(OH)3 at low DFOE concentrations (12-240 µM). After adjusting the optimal conditions (fraction size: 0-36 µM, pH: 5.5, S/L ratio: 1 g/L, 25 °C), the In leaching yield reached 32%, ten times higher than Al over 90 days with 5 mM DFOE. Thus, achieving high In recovery is possible through i) prolonging leaching durations, ii) selective leaching, and iii) minimizing Al interference. This is the first attempt to selectively leach In using a selected siderophore from end-of-life products with high concentrations of non-targeted elements (i.e. Al, Si, and Ca). This study demonstrates the potential of generating indium-rich leachates, which can be subsequently processed through the GaLIophore technology for In refining.

Exploring Motor Speech Disorders in Low and Minimally Verbal Autistic Individuals: An Auditory-Perceptual Analysis.

PURPOSE: Motor deficits are widely documented among autistic individuals, and speech characteristics consistent with a motor speech disorder have been reported in prior literature. We conducted an auditory-perceptual analysis of speech production skills in low and minimally verbal autistic individuals as a step toward clarifying the nature of speech production impairments in this population and the potential link between oromotor functioning and language development. METHOD: Fifty-four low or minimally verbal autistic individuals aged 4-18 years were video-recorded performing nonspeech oromotor tasks and producing phonemes, syllables, and words in imitation. Three trained speech-language pathologists provided auditory perceptual ratings of 11 speech features reflecting speech subsystem performance and overall speech production ability. The presence, attributes, and severity of signs of oromotor dysfunction were analyzed, as were relative performance on nonspeech and speech tasks and correlations between perceptual speech features and language skills. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence of a motor speech disorder in this population, characterized by perceptual speech features including reduced intelligibility, decreased consonant and vowel precision, and impairments of speech coordination and consistency. Speech deficits were more associated with articulation than with other speech subsystems. Speech production was more impaired than nonspeech oromotor abilities in a subgroup of the sample. Oromotor deficits were significantly associated with expressive and receptive language skills. Findings are interpreted in the context of known characteristics of the pediatric motor speech disorders childhood apraxia of speech and childhood dysarthria. These results, if replicated in future studies, have significant potential to improve the early detection of language impairments, inform the development of speech and language interventions, and aid in the identification of neurobiological mechanisms influencing communication development.

Deep orange gene editing triggers temperature-sensitive lethal phenotypes in Ceratitis capitata.

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is a significant agricultural pest managed through area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) including a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. Male-only releases increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of SIT programs, which can be achieved through the development of genetic sexing strains (GSS). The most successful GSS developed to date is the C. capitata VIENNA 8 GSS, constructed using classical genetic approaches and an irradiation-induced translocation with two selectable markers: the white pupae (wp) and temperature-sensitive lethal (tsl) genes. However, currently used methods for selecting suitable markers and inducing translocations are stochastic and non-specific, resulting in a laborious and time-consuming process. Recent efforts have focused on identifying the gene(s) and the causal mutation(s) for suitable phenotypes, such as wp and tsl, which could be used as selectable markers for developing a generic approach for constructing GSS. The wp gene was recently identified, and efforts have been initiated to identify the tsl gene. This study investigates Ceratitis capitata deep orange (Ccdor) as a tsl candidate gene and its potential to induce tsl phenotypes. RESULTS: An integrated approach based on cytogenetics, genomics, bioinformatics, and gene editing was used to characterize the Ccdor. Its location was confirmed on the right arm of chromosome 5 in the putative tsl genomic region. Knock-out of Ccdor using CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ and targeting the fourth exon resulted in lethality at mid- and late-pupal stage, while the successful application of CRISPR HDR introducing a point mutation on the sixth exon resulted in the establishment of the desired strain and two additional strains (dor 12del and dor 51dup), all of them expressing tsl phenotypes and presenting no (or minimal) fitness cost when reared at 25 °C. One of the strains exhibited complete lethality when embryos were exposed at 36 °C. CONCLUSIONS: Gene editing of the deep orange gene in Ceratitis capitata resulted in the establishment of temperature-sensitive lethal mutant strains. The induced mutations did not significantly affect the rearing efficiency of the strains. As deep orange is a highly conserved gene, these data suggest that it can be considered a target for the development of tsl mutations which could potentially be used to develop novel genetic sexing strains in insect pests and disease vectors.

Redox control of chromium in the red soils from China evidenced by Cr stable isotopes.

With chromium isotopes, we study the intricate dynamics of adsorption and redox processes in soil ecosystems, focusing on chromium's behaviour, in red soil profiles enriched with iron-manganese nodules (FMNs) in South China. Key findings reveal that the primary geological source of chromium in the red soil profiles is the weathering of colluvium parent minerals. FMNs have higher chromium concentrations (325-1451 µg/g) compared to surrounding soils (95-247 µg/g) and display stable δ53Cr values (0.78 ± 0.17‰), indicating their role as stable chromium repositories, reflecting historical processes. Furthermore, by isolating chromium associated with iron oxides (FeO) and silicate minerals (ReS) within FMNs and surrounding soils using CBD extractions, we show that FeO predominantly carry chromium, particularly in FMNs. The δ53Cr values of FeO fractions consistently exhibit heavier signatures than ReS fractions, suggesting the sequestration of isotopically heavy chromium (VI) during Fe oxide precipitation. Fluctuations in soil's redox, rather than land use, play a pivotal role in controlling the precipitation of Fe oxides in surrounding soils and the formation of FMNs, thus influencing chromium mobility. This highlights the significance of these factors when utilizing chromium isotopic techniques for source tracking in soil systems, contributing to our understanding of chromium's behaviour in soil environments.

Predictive Modeling of Proteins Encoded by a Plant Virus Sheds a New Light on Their Structure and Inherent Multifunctionality.

Plant virus genomes encode proteins that are involved in replication, encapsidation, cell-to-cell, and long-distance movement, avoidance of host detection, counter-defense, and transmission from host to host, among other functions. Even though the multifunctionality of plant viral proteins is well documented, contemporary functional repertoires of individual proteins are incomplete. However, these can be enhanced by modeling tools. Here, predictive modeling of proteins encoded by the two genomic RNAs, i.e., RNA1 and RNA2, of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and their satellite RNAs by a suite of protein prediction software confirmed not only previously validated functions (suppressor of RNA silencing [VSR], viral genome-linked protein [VPg], protease [Pro], symptom determinant [Sd], homing protein [HP], movement protein [MP], coat protein [CP], and transmission determinant [Td]) and previously identified putative functions (helicase [Hel] and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [Pol]), but also predicted novel functions with varying levels of confidence. These include a T3/T7-like RNA polymerase domain for protein 1AVSR, a short-chain reductase for protein 1BHel/VSR, a parathyroid hormone family domain for protein 1EPol/Sd, overlapping domains of unknown function and an ABC transporter domain for protein 2BMP, and DNA topoisomerase domains, transcription factor FBXO25 domain, or DNA Pol subunit cdc27 domain for the satellite RNA protein. Structural predictions for proteins 2AHP/Sd, 2BMP, and 3A? had low confidence, while predictions for proteins 1AVSR, 1BHel*/VSR, 1CVPg, 1DPro, 1EPol*/Sd, and 2CCP/Td retained higher confidence in at least one prediction. This research provided new insights into the structure and functions of GFLV proteins and their satellite protein. Future work is needed to validate these findings.

Deceleration Profiles Between the Penultimate and Final Steps of Planned and Reactive Side-Step Cutting.

CONTEXT: Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury often occurs during rapid deceleration and change-of-direction maneuvers. These activities require an athlete to generate braking forces to slow down the center of mass and change direction in a dynamic environment. During preplanned cutting, athletes can use the penultimate step for braking before changing direction, resulting in less braking demand during the final step. During reactive cutting, athletes use different preparatory movement strategies during the penultimate step when planning time is limited. However, possible differences in the deceleration profile between the penultimate and final steps of preplanned and reactive side-step cuts remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate deceleration during the penultimate and final steps of preplanned and reactive cutting. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six women (age = 20.9 ± 1.7 years, height = 1.66 ± 0.07 m, mass = 62.4 ± 8.7 kg). INTERVENTION: Participants completed 90° side-step cutting maneuvers under preplanned and reactive conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Approach velocity, velocity at initial contact, and cutting angle were compared between conditions. Stance time, deceleration time, and biomechanical indicators of deceleration were assessed during the penultimate and final steps of preplanned and reactive 90° cuts. Separate repeated-measures analysis-of-variance models were used to assess the influence of step, condition, and their interaction on the biomechanical indicators of deceleration. RESULTS: Approach velocity (P = .69) and velocity at initial contact of the penultimate step (P = .33) did not differ between conditions. During reactive cutting, participants achieved a smaller cutting angle (P < .001). We identified a significant step-by-condition interaction for all biomechanical indicators of deceleration (P values < .05). CONCLUSIONS: A lack of planning time resulted in less penultimate step braking and greater final step braking during reactive cutting. As a result, participants exhibited a decreased cutting angle and longer stance time during the final step of reactive cutting. Improving an athlete's ability to respond to an external stimulus may facilitate a more effective penultimate step braking strategy that decreases the braking demand during the final step of reactive cutting.

A neural circuit for vocal production responds to viscerosensory input in the songbird.

Motor performance is monitored continuously by specialized brain circuits and used adaptively to modify behavior on a moment-to-moment basis and over longer time periods. During vocal behaviors, such as singing in songbirds, internal evaluation of motor performance relies on sensory input from the auditory and vocal-respiratory systems. Sensory input from the auditory system to the motor system, often referred to as auditory feedback, has been well studied in singing zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), but little is known about how and where nonauditory sensory feedback is evaluated. Here we show that brief perturbations in air sac pressure cause short-latency neural responses in the higher-order song control nucleus HVC (used as proper name), an area necessary for song learning and song production. Air sacs were briefly pressurized through a cannula in anesthetized or sedated adult male zebra finches, and neural responses were recorded in both nucleus parambigualis (PAm), a brainstem inspiratory center, and HVC, a cortical premotor nucleus. These findings show that song control nuclei in the avian song system are sensitive to perturbations directly targeted to vocal-respiratory, or viscerosensory, afferents and support a role for multimodal sensory feedback integration in modifying and controlling vocal control circuits.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study presents the first evidence of sensory input from the vocal-respiratory periphery directly activating neurons in a motor circuit for vocal production in songbirds. It was previously thought that this circuit relies exclusively on sensory input from the auditory system, but we provide groundbreaking evidence for nonauditory sensory input reaching the higher-order premotor nucleus HVC, expanding our understanding of what sensory feedback may be available for vocal control.

Two Distinct Genotypes of Spissistilus festinus (Say, 1830) Reproduce and Differentially Transmit Grapevine Red Blotch Virus.

Two phenotypically similar but genetically distinct genotypes of Spissistilus festinus (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Membracidae), a pest of legume crops in Southern United States and a vector of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) in California vineyards, exist. No information is available on whether the two S. festinus genotypes, i.e., California (CA) and Southeastern (SE), are sexually compatible or whether the SE genotype can transmit GRBV. In this study, we established mixed mating S. festinus pairs for which the F1 offspring varied phenotypically compared with the offspring of same genotype pairs but acquired GRBV isolate NY175 at similar rates (p = 0.96) and with a similar viral genome copy number (p = 0.34). Likewise, rates of GRBV acquisition were alike for the two parental CA (58%, 61/105) and SE (61%, 65/106) genotypes (p = 0.74), though the GRBV copy number in the salivary glands was overall significantly higher for SE than CA individuals (p = 0.02). Furthermore, the GRBV transmission rate was significantly higher for the SE genotype (89%, 16/18) than the CA genotype (50%, 8/16) (p = 0.04). These results revealed the existence of two sexually compatible S. festinus genotypes with distinct GRBV transmission abilities, suggesting the need to study GRBV ecology in Southeastern United States and areas where the two genotypes might co-exist.

Pearls and Pitfalls of Interpretation of Automated Breast US.

Dense breast tissue is an independent risk factor for breast cancer and reduces the sensitivity of mammography. Patients with dense breast tissue are more likely to present with interval cancers and higher-stage disease. Successful breast cancer screening outcomes rely on detection of early-stage breast cancers; therefore, several supplemental screening modalities have been developed to improve cancer detection in dense breast tissue. US is the most widely used supplemental screening modality worldwide and has been proven to demonstrate additional mammographically occult cancers that are predominantly invasive and node negative. According to the American College of Radiology, intermediate-risk women with dense breast tissue may benefit from adjunctive screening US due to the limitations of mammography. Several studies have demonstrated handheld US (HHUS) and automated breast US (AUS) to be comparable in the screening setting. The advantages of AUS over HHUS include lack of operator dependence and a formal training requirement, image reproducibility, and ability for temporal comparison. However, AUS exhibits unique features that can result in high false-positive rates and long interpretation times for new users. Familiarity with the common appearance of benign mammographic findings and artifacts, technical challenges, and unique AUS features is essential for fast, efficient, and accurate interpretation. The goals of this article are to (a) examine the role of AUS as a supplemental screening modality and (b) review the pearls and pitfalls of AUS interpretation. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Language abilities in children and adolescents with DLD and ADHD: A scoping review.

PURPOSE: There is an emerging view that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by problems with language difficulties, an idea reinforced by the fact that ADHD is highly comorbid with developmental language disorder (DLD). This scoping review provides an overview of literature on language abilities in children with DLD and ADHD while highlighting similarities and differences. METHOD: A comprehensive search was performed to examine the literature on language abilities in the two disorders, yielding a total of 18 articles that met the inclusion criteria for the present review. Qualitative summaries are provided based on the language domain assessed. RESULTS: The current literature suggests children and adolescents with ADHD have better morphosyntax/grammar, general/core language abilities, receptive, and expressive abilities than those with DLD. Further, that performance is comparable on assessments of semantic and figurative language but varies by sample on assessments of phonological processing, syntax, narrative language, and vocabulary. CONCLUSION: Evidence presented points to children and adolescents with DLD as having greater language difficulties compared to those with ADHD, but with some important caveats. Despite limitations related to the paucity of studies and inconsistencies in how the two types of disorders are identified, our review provides a necessary and vital step in better understanding the language profiles of these two highly prevalent childhood disorders. These findings are useful in optimizing language outcomes and treatment efficacy for children and adolescents with ADHD and DLD.