RESUMO
The role of Eichhornia crassipes for removing pollutants from low strength sewage was evaluated in three pilot-scale constructed wetlands (CW): CW 1, planted with E. crassipes in a filter media; CW 2, unplanted, composed by filter media; and CW 3, composed by E. crassipes floating on the sewage. The operation was divided into three stages by varying the nominal hydraulic retention time into: (I) 24 h; (II) 48 h; (III) 72 h. Temporal sampling profiles were carried out with collection of the influent and effluent samples to determine temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), TKN and TP. Contents of TP and TN were analyzed in the plant tissue of the macrophyte. The best removal efficiency rates for phosphorus (38%) and TKN (47%) were obtained in CW 3 for 72 h. The highest COD removal was observed in the CW 2 (80%) for 48 h. The macrophyte E. crassipes contributed to the absorption process with uptake rate percentages of 8.3% (CW 1) and 9.0% (CW 3) for TN and 0.78% (CW 1) and 1.56% (CW 3) for TP on the dry matter of the plant. The chosen species planted in the systems contributed to the achievement of higher nutrient removal.
Assuntos
Esgotos , Áreas Alagadas , Biodegradação Ambiental , Nitrogênio , Nutrientes , Fósforo , Eliminação de Resíduos LíquidosAssuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Ligante de CD40/imunologia , Fluoresceína-5-Isotiocianato , Humanos , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Proteína 1 de Membrana Associada ao Lisossomo/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Interleucina 22RESUMO
AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of physical fitness on the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF) on blood pressure (BP) levels. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 25 schools of Lisbon (Portugal), including 2041 boys and 1995 girls aged 10-18. BF was assessed by bioimpedance. Cardiovascular fitness was assessed by the 20-meter shuttle run and classified as fit/unfit. Obesity (BMI or BF defined) was defined according to international criteria. RESULTS: In both sexes, BMI was positively related with systolic and diastolic BP, while BF was only positively related with diastolic BP z-scores. No interaction was found between fitness and BMI categories regarding BP levels, while for BF a significant interaction was found. Being fit reduced the BF-induced increase in the Odds ratio (OR) of presenting with high BP: OR (95% confidence interval) 1.01 (0.73-1.40) and 0.99 (0.70-1.38) for overweight and obese fit boys, respectively, the corresponding values for unfit overweight and obese boys being 1.33 (0.94-1.90) and 1.75 (1.34-2.28), respectively. The values were 0.88 (0.57-1.35) and 1.66 (0.98-2.80) for overweight and obese fit girls, respectively, the corresponding values for unfit overweight and obese being 1.63 (1.12-2.37) and 1.90 (1.32-2.73) respectively. No interaction was found between fitness and BMI-defined overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: Being fit reduces the negative impact of BF on BP levels and high BP status in adolescents. This protective effect was not found with BMI.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Adolescente , Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Razão de Chances , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Suíça/epidemiologiaRESUMO
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