Pseudo-cysts, lipomas, infarcts and simple cysts of the calcaneus: are there different or related lesions?

Pseudocysts, lipomas, infarcts and simple cysts of the calcaneus are described as different entities in the medical literature. However, some evolutions or associations may suggest a relationship which is not yet demonstrated in all cases. The aim of this article is to describe each lesion and emphasize their different characteristics that may suggest a relationship between them.

Negative regulation of CFTR activity by extracellular ATP involves P2Y2 receptors in CFTR-expressing CHO cells.

Extracellular nucleotides exert autocrine/ paracrine effects on ion transport by activating P2 receptors. We studied the effects of extracellular ATP and UTP on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-BQI cells). CFTR activity was measured using the (125I) iodide efflux technique and whole-cell patch-clamp recording in response to either forskolin or xanthine derivatives. Using RT-PCR and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) measurement, we showed that CHO-BQI cells express P2Y2 but not P2Y4 receptors. While ATP and UTP induced similar increases in [Ca2+]i, pre-addition by one of these two agonists desensitized the response for the other, suggesting that ATP- and UTP-induced [Ca2+]i increases were mediated by a common receptor, which was identified as the P2Y2 subtype. CFTR activity was reduced by ATP and UTP but not by ADP or adenosine applications. This inhibitory effect of ATP on CFTR activity was not due to a change in cAMP level. Furthermore, CFTR activation by forskolin or IBMX failed to promote [Ca2+]i increase, suggesting that CFTR activation did not generate an ATP release large enough to stimulate P2Y2 receptors. Taken together, our results show that endogenous P2Y2 receptor activation downregulates CFTR activity in a cAMP-independent manner in CHO cells.