A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias.

Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.

Electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at tertiary referral centers in Tehran: Hypermagnesemia as a marker of fatality: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: To evaluate biochemical abnormalities and their association with the outcome of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at a tertiary referral center in Iran. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on COVID-19 patients who were admitted at tertiary referral centers in Tehran, Iran, from March 2021 to 2022. Demographic and biochemical laboratory data of the patients including blood sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were collected from patient treatment sheets of severe COVID-19 patients admitted to a different ward of the hospital. A logistic regression model was fitted to identify the associated parameters with mortality. Results: Four hundred and ninety-nine patients with COVID-19, including 287 males (57.5%), who had a mean age of 58.95 ± 16.60 years, were enrolled. Thirty-eight patients (7.62%) died during hospitalization. The factors we found to be independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death were having comorbidity (mortality of 94.7%, vs. 61% among those without comorbidity; odds ratio, 17.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.81-82.37), hypermagnesemia (34.2%, vs. 26.2% among those with normal magnesium; odds ratio, 9.71; 95% CI, 2.958-31.91), and having a male gender (34.2%, vs. 26.2% among those were female; odds ratio, 9.71; 95% CI, 2.958-31.91). Conclusions: Hypermagnesemia, having a male gender, and the existence of comorbidity in patients with COVID-19 is associated with an increase in mortality. Further studies on the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications need to be done.

An extremely rare mucocutaneous adverse reaction following COVID-19 vaccination: Toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), is a type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction that requires urgent medical intervention. In the COVID-19 era, COVID-19 vaccines are currently being widely administered and mucocutaneous adverse reactions following vaccination have been reported; however, severe cutaneous adverse reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccines including SJS/TEN, are extremely rare. Herein, we describe a case of COVID-19 vaccination induced TEN which developed 1 day after receiving the first dose of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine with favorable clinical outcome.