Anticonvulsivantes y su efecto en el metabolismo de la vitamina D: revisión del tema, a propósito de un caso / Anticonvulsants and their effect on the metabolism of vitamin D: literature review with case report

La epilepsia es una enfermedad neurológica frecuente que afecta a cerca de 50.000 millones de personas en el mundo. En Chile, la prevalencia estimada es de 10.8 a 17 por 1.000 habitantes. La primera opción para su tratamiento son los fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) los cuales logran un aceptable control de enfermedad en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, tienen la potencialidad de desencadenar una serie de efectos adversos destacando entre ellos el desarrollo de hipocalcemia (HC) secundaria a hipovitaminosis D (HD), alteración que por lo general es leve y asintomática. Presentamos el caso de una mujer perimenopausica con antecedente de epilepsia en tratamiento con anticonvulsivante que desarrolla hipocalcemia severa. Además revisamos los mecanismos descritos a través de los cuales los FAE afectan el metabolismo de esta vitamina.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease that affects about 50,000 million people in the world. The estimated prevalence is 10.8 to 17 per 1.000 inhabitants in Chile. The first option for its treatment are antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) which achieve an acceptable control of the disease in most cases, however, they have the potential to trigger a series of adverse effects (AE) highlighting among them the development of hypocalcemia (HC) secondary to hypovitaminosis D (HD), an alteration that is generally mild and asymptomatic. We present the case of a perimenopausal woman with a history of epilepsy under treatment with an anticonvulsant who develops severe hypocalcemia. We also review the mechanisms described through which AEDs affect the metabolism of this vitamin.

Impacto de la contaminación por material particulado sobre las atenciones de urgencias por causas respiratorias en Chillán, Concepción y Los Ángeles / Impact of pollution by particulate matter on emergency room admissions for respiratory causes in Chillán, Concepción, and Los Ángeles, Chile

OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto de la contaminación del aire sobre la salud respiratoria en las comunas de Chillán, Concepción y Los Ángeles entre los años 2013 y 2017. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estimaron modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) a partir de datos diarios de atenciones de urgencias por enfermedades respiratorias desagregadas por tipo y rango etario, concentraciones de material particulado respirable (MP10) y material particulado fino (MP2,5), índice viral, variables meteorológicas y estacionales. RESULTADOS: Se obtiene una asociación positiva entre los contaminantes analizados y las atenciones de urgencias por causas respiratorias, especialmente IRA alta y Bronquitis/Bronquiolitis aguda en Chillán, IRA alta en Concepción, y además, IRA alta, Influenza y Crisis Obstructiva Bronquial en Los Ángeles. CONCLUSIONES: El incremento en el número de todas las atenciones de urgencia es aproximadamente 18.695 al año por cada 1 μg/m3 de incremento en las concentraciones de material particulado.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in the districts of Chillán, Concepción and Los Ángeles, Chile between 2013 and 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Generalized linear models (GLM) were estimated from daily data for emergency room admissions disaggregated by type and age range, concentrations of respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), viral index, meteorological and seasonal variables. RESULTS: A positive association is obtained between the analyzed contaminants and the number of emergency room admissions for respiratory causes, especially acute upper respiratory infection (URI) and acute bronchitis / bronchiolitis in Chillán, acute URI in Concepción, and also, acute URI, Influenza and obstructive bronchial crisis in Los Angeles. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the total number of emergency room admissions is approximately 18,695 per year for every 1 μg / m3 increase in PM concentrations.

Inyección intracordal de células madres mesenquimáticas en el manejo de la fibrosis cordal: Experiencia preliminar / Intracordal inyection of mesenchymal stem cells in scarred vocal folds: Preliminary report

Introducción: Las células madres son células no especializadas capaces de transformarse en células con funciones específicas actuando como sistema de reparación. Las células madres mesenquimáticas (CMM) son las más utilizadas actualmente. La fibrosis cordal altera la estructura de las cuerdas vocales afectando seriamente su función, no existiendo hoy una terapia que pueda manejar exitosamente esta condición. Objetivo: Evaluar la acción de la inyección intraoperatoria e intralesional de CMM autólogas en el proceso de reparación de lesiones cicatriciales crónicas en cuerdas vocales en pacientes con fracaso previo a terapias habituales. Material y método: Estudio piloto prospectivo de 3 casos. Se realizó punción de cresta ilíaca para extracción de CMM de médula ósea, que se concentran y expanden. En una segunda etapa se realiza resección de fibrosis cordal bajo laringoscopía directa e inyección intralesional del concentrado de CMM. Se realizó seguimiento videoestroboscópico. Resultados: No hubo complicaciones en sitio de punción de cresta ilíaca ni en laringe tras la inyección. Se observó retorno de la vibración cordal en los 3 pacientes, con mejoría vocal importante en 2 de ellos. Conclusión: La inyección intralesional de CMM aparece como una alternativa promisoria en el manejo de la fibrosis cordal con molestias mínimas para el paciente, requiriendo de mayores estudios.

Introduction: Stem cells are unspecialized cells in the body capable of developing into specialized cells with specific functions workingas a repair system. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are the most currently used. Scarred vocal folds cause severe voice problems. Nowadays there is no therapy that can successfully treat this condition. Aim: Evaluate the results of intraoperative and intralesional injection of autologous MSCs in the repair and healing process of chronic scarred vocal folds in patients with prior failure to usual therapies. Material and method: Prospective pilot study that includes three patients. MSCs were isolated and expanded from bone marrow taken from the Iliac crest of the patients. In a second stage, fibrosis resection was performed under direct laryngoscopy, and MSCs were injected intralesionally. Patients were followed up using videostroboscopy. Results: There were no complications after iliac crest puncture or laryngeal injection. Vocal fold vibration appeared in all 3 patients, with significant improvement in voice quality in two of them. Conclusions: Local injection of mesenchymal stromal cells appears to be a promising alternative in management of scarred vocal fold with minimal discomfort for the patient. Further studies are needed.

Trends and threshold exceedances analysis of airborne pollen concentrations in Metropolitan Santiago Chile.

Pollen is one of the primary causes of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in urban centers. In the present study, the concentrations of 39 different pollens in the Santiago de Chile metropolitan area over the period 2009-2013 are characterized. The pollen was monitored daily using Burkard volumetric equipment. The contribution of each type of pollen and the corresponding time trends are evaluated. The concentrations of the pollens are compared with the established threshold levels for the protection of human health. The results show that the total amount of pollen grains originating from trees, grasses, weeds and indeterminate sources throughout the period of the study was 258,496 grains m-3, with an annual average of 51,699 ± 3,906 grains m-3 year-1. The primary source of pollen is Platanus orientalis, which produces 61.8% of the analyzed pollen. Grass pollen is the third primary component of the analyzed pollen, with a contribution of 5.82%. Among the weeds, the presence of Urticacea (3.74%) is remarkable. The pollination pattern of the trees is monophasic, and the grasses have a biphasic pattern. The trends indicate that the total pollen and tree pollen do not present a time trend that is statistically significant throughout the period of the study, whereas the grass pollen and weed pollen concentrations in the environment present a statistically significant decreasing trend. The cause of this decrease is unclear. The pollen load has doubled over the past decade. When the observed concentrations of the pollens were compared with the corresponding threshold levels, the results indicated that over the period of the study, the pollen concentrations were at moderate, high and very high levels for an average of 293 days per year. Systematic counts of the pollen grains are an essential method for diagnosing and treating patients with pollinosis and for developing forestation and urban planning strategies.

First annual register of allergenic pollen in Talca, Chile

Background: There are no data on atmospheric pollen in Talca. In the present work, our aim is to describe the amount of pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city of Talca likely to cause pollinosis of its inhabitants. Methods: A volumetric Hirst sampler (Burkard seven-day recording device) was used to study pollen levels. It was placed in the centre of Talca from May 2007 to April 2008. Results: The highest airborne presence of pollen, as measured in weekly averages, was Platanus acerifolia with a maximum weekly daily average of 203 grains/m3 registered during September and October. The second highest was Acer pseudoplatanus with a maximum weekly daily average of 116 grains/m3. Populus spp. had a maximum weekly daily average 103 grains/m3. Olea europaea reached 19 grains/m3 in November. Grasses presented high levels of pollen counts with a maximum weekly daily average of 27 grains/m3 from the end of August until the end of January. Pollens of Plantago spp. Rumex acetosella and Chenopodium spp. had a similar distribution and were present from October to April with maximum weekly daily average of 7 grains/m3, 7 grains/m3 and 3 grains/m3 respectively. Significant concentrations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were detected from February until April. Conclusion: The population of Talca was exposed to high concentrations of allergenic pollen, such as P. acerifolia, A. pseudoplatanus, and grasses in the months of August through November. The detection of O. europaea and A. artemisiifolia is important as these are emergent pollens in the city of Talca. Aerobiological monitoring will provide the community with reliable information about the level of allergenic pollens, improving treatment and quality of life of patients with respiratory allergy (AU)

First annual register of allergenic pollen in Talca, Chile.

BACKGROUND: There are no data on atmospheric pollen in Talca. In the present work, our aim is to describe the amount of pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city of Talca likely to cause pollinosis of its inhabitants. METHODS: A volumetric Hirst sampler (Burkard seven-day recording device) was used to study pollen levels. It was placed in the centre of Talca from May 2007 to April 2008. RESULTS: The highest airborne presence of pollen, as measured in weekly averages, was Platanus acerifolia with a maximum weekly daily average of 203 grains/m³ registered during September and October. The second highest was Acer pseudoplatanus with a maximum weekly daily average of 116 grains/m³. Populus spp. had a maximum weekly daily average 103 grains/m³. Olea europaea reached 19 grains/m³ in November. Grasses presented high levels of pollen counts with a maximum weekly daily average of 27 grains/m³ from the end of August until the end of January. Pollens of Plantago spp. Rumex acetosella and Chenopodium spp. had a similar distribution and were present from October to April with maximum weekly daily average of 7 grains/m³, 7 grains/m³ and 3 grains/m³ respectively. Significant concentrations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were detected from February until April. CONCLUSION: The population of Talca was exposed to high concentrations of allergenic pollen, such as P. acerifolia, A. pseudoplatanus, and grasses in the months of August through November. The detection of O. europaea and A. artemisiifolia is important as these are emergent pollens in the city of Talca. Aerobiological monitoring will provide the community with reliable information about the level of allergenic pollens, improving treatment and quality of life of patients with respiratory allergy.

Caracterización y registro del polen atmosférico en la ciudad de Temuco / Characterization and registry of the atmospheric pollen in Temuco, Chile

Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de cuantificar y caracterizar la carga polínica en la ciudad de Temuco, entre los años 2006-2009. Para el muestreo aerobiológico se utilizó un captador volumétrico Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap®. Las muestras obtenidas fueron analizadas semana tras semanas durante el período en estudio. Con los resultados del conteo polínico semanal se determinaron las 11 principales especies de flora urbana anemófilas de Temuco más susceptibles de producir polinosis. Las mayores concentraciones de polen se obtienen entre septiembre y marzo, siendo las especies más importantes: Pastos (Gramineae/Poaceae), Ciprés (Cupressus sp) y Acedera (Rumex sp).

The aim of this study was to quantify and to characterize the amount ofpollen in the atmosphere of the city of Temuco, Chile from 2006 to 2009. Aerobiological sampling was carried out by using a Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap Burkard and the samples were analyzed weekly during the period of study. Results: We determined the 11 principal anemophilus species of urban flora in Temuco responsible for pollinosis. The highest concentration ofpollen were present from september till march, being the most important species the Grasses (Gramineae/Poaceae), Cypress (Cupressus sp), and Sorrell (Rumex sp.).

Pinzamiento femoroacetabular: Conceptos básicos en una nueva causa de dolor inguinal: [revisión] / Femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of inguinal pain: [review]

Femoro-acetabular impingement is an anatomical disturbance of the hip, caused by a deformity of the acetabulum, femur or both that causes an abnormal contact between both structures during certain movements. Its prevalence is 10 to 15 percent and causes chronic inguinal pain. It can be confused with several other causes of inguinal pain such as hernias, facet syndromes, a renal colic, etc. Patients with this condition are usually young individuals with inguinal pain that may appear after a minor trauma. During examination, pain may be elicited by infernal rotation and abduction movements of hip, flexed in 90°. Plain hip X ray is the most commonly used diagnostic method. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy can be used to alleviate pain, but the definitive treatment is surgical.

Pellizcamiento fémoroacetabular parte II: tratamiento / Femoroacetabular impingement part II: treatment

El pellizcamiento fémoroacetabular (PFA) es un sindrome clínico reconocido como fuente de dolor mecánico de cadera y artrosis primaria temprana que se presenta frecuentemente en pacientes jóvenes. El tratamiento de esta patología se encuentra enfocado al manejo sintomático, corrección de las alteraciones óseas asociadas, y la prevención de la eventual progresión a la degeneración osteoarticular. El manejo médico se plantea como una primera opción terapéutica para el alivio sintomático. La infiltración articular es una opción diagnóstica y de tratamiento mínimamente invasiva. Finalmente diversas opciones quirúrgicas han sido desarrolladas para la corrección y reparación de las alteraciones morfológicas. Tradicionalmente se ha manejado de forma segura y efectiva con la luxación controlada de cadera logrando resultados promisorios a corto y mediano plazo. Técnicas artroscópicas menos invasivas son cada vez más utilizadas buscando obtener resultados comparables a la técnica abierta.

The femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), it is a clinical syndrome recognized as source of hip mechanic pain and early osteoarthritis (OA). This pathology is frequent in young patients. Treatment is focused in a symptomatic relief, correction of osseous abnormalities and the prevention of the eventual progression to osteoarticular degeneration. Non invasive medical treatment has been proposed for the symptomatic management. Joint infiltration is a diagnostic and minimally invasive treatment option. Finally multiple surgical options have been developed for the correction and repair of morphologic abnormalities. Traditionally, FAI has been managed safely and effectively by hip dislocation and had promising early and midterm results. Less invasive arthroscopic techniques are now being used to an increasing extent in order to emulate the results of the open technique.

Pellizcamiento fémoroacetabular parte I: diagnóstico / Femoroacetabular impingement part I: diagnosis

La artrosis de cadera es una patología de múltiples etiologías. Los principios biomecánicos implicados en el desarrollo de la artrosis se basan en la transmisión de fuerzas a través de la superficie articular, iniciándose la degeneración cartilaginosa por sobrecarga. Existe un grupo de pacientes jóvenes que presentan artrosis cuya causa ha sido históricamente catalogada como idiopática o primaria. El advenimiento de nuevos conocimientos de la anatomía normal y patológica de la cadera ha permitido detectar alteraciones más sutiles. El pellizcamiento fémoroacetabular (PFA) aparece entonces como una nueva causa mecánica de dolor de cadera (1). Esto, en el tiempo llevaría a una lesión del labrum acetabular y/o el cartílago adyacente (2, 3, 22) y finalmente, a una artrosis precoz. Esta patología es de consulta frecuente en pacientes jóvenes con coxalgia no diagnosticada. Puede comprometer a diversas especialidades de la medicina durante su consulta primaria con distintas formas de presentación, hallazgos semiológicos e imaginológicos.

Hip osteoarthritis is pathology with multiple etiologies. The biomechanical principles involved in the development of hip osteoarthritis are based on force transmission through the articular surface, initiating carthilage degeneration due to overload. There is a group of young patients who present hip osteoarthritis that have been historically classified as idiopathic or primary. The progress in knowledge of normal anatomy and pathologies of the hip has made it possible to detect more subtle alterations. The femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) appears as a new mechanical cause for hip osteoarthritis (1). This, in time, would lead to acetabular labral and/or carthilage lesions (2, 3, 22) and eventually, early onset osteoarthritis. This pathology is frequent in young patients with an undiagnosed hip pain. It can involve multiple medical specialties in its initial consult due to different forms of early presentation, findings during physical exam and image studies.

Eficacia del ácido tranexámico en la reducción del sangrado post operatorio en artroplastía total de rodilla / Efficacy of the tranexamic acid in the reduction of the postoperative bleeding in total knee replacement

We investigated the effect of the tranexamic acid in the reduction of the post operative bleeding in patients undergoing a total knee replacement. A prospective study was performed, 20 patients made up the study group, these individuals received an intravenous dose of 15 mg/kg weight just before the surgery and a second dose equal to the first one, before the release of the pneumatic tourniquet. The control group included 20 patients who underwent a total knee replacement and did not receive any kind of antifibrinolytic therapy. Patients who received the tranexamic acid had a mean postoperative bleeding of 383 mls +/- 236 versus the control group who had a mean of 1.025 mls +/- 281 of bleeding. The difference between both groups was statistically relevant according to the Mann Whitney test. There were no cases of clinical deep vein thrombosis (DVT), neither pulmonary thromboembolism. Based on the results reported in the literature and obtained in our study, we recommend the routinary use of the tranexamic acid in patients undergoing a total knee replacement.

Investigamos el efecto del ácido tranexámico en el sangrado post operatorio de pacientes sometidos a artroplastía total de rodilla. Este es un estudio prospectivo que contó con un grupo de 20 casos en los que se administró una dosis de 15 mgs/kg peso justo antes del inicio de la cirugía y se repitió antes de la deflación del torniquete neumático. Los pacientes que recibieron ácido tranexámico presentaron un sangrado postoperatorio promedio medido en el receptáculo del drenaje de 383 mls +/- 236 versus el grupo control que tuvo un sangrado promedio de 1.025 mls +/- 281. La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos de acuerdo al test de Mann Whitney. No se registraron casos de trombosis venosa profunda clínica, ni de tromboembolismo pulmonar. Recomendamos el uso de este fármaco de manera rutinaria en este tipo de procedimientos dados los beneficios reportados en la literatura y comprobados en nuestro estudio.

Tratamiento artroscopico del pellizcamiento femoroacetabular tipo pincer: Estudio comparativo de la desinsercion anterograda labral versus una nueva tecnica de desinsercion retrograda / Pincer femoroacetabular impingement: Front to back versus back to front. Surgical technique

Introducción: El tratamiento artroscópico del pellizcamiento femoroacetabular requiere de la desinserción labral y su posterior reinserción para la realización qe la acetabuloplastia necesaria. Se compara la técnica de desinserción labral anterógrada con una nueva propuesta de desinserción retrógrada. Materiales y método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a tratamiento artroscópico del PFA tipo pincer con desinserción anterograda (Grupo 1: 15 pacientes) y desinserción retrógrada (Grupo 2: 15 pacientes). Se evaluaron características demográficas de ambos grupos, el tiempo quirúrgico total y de tracción, la presencia de artrosis. Resultados funcionales y presencia/ausencia de complicaciones. Resultados: El grupo 1 presento menos pacientes sin artrosis (GO=6/15=40%) al compararse con el grupo 2 (GO=9/15=60%). El tiempo quirúrgico total y tiempo de tracción requerido disminuyo en forma estadísticamente significativa en el grupo 2 (Total 158 min v/s 125 min) (Tracción 133 min v/s 100 min). Tampoco existió necesidad de relajación de tracción en este grupo (versus 60% de los casos en grupo 1) ni complicaciones neurológicas (versus 1 paresia de pudendo en grupo 1). Conclusión: El uso de una técnica de desinserción retrógrada disminuye dramáticamente el tiempo quirúrgico total, el tiempo de tracción total y la necesidad de relajación/retracción sin aumentar el número de complicaciones y con un resultado funcional a mediano/corto plazo al menos comparable a la desinserción anterógrada y a los resultados funcionales publicados.

The anion exchanger Ae2 is required for enamel maturation in mouse teeth.

One of the mechanisms by which epithelial cells regulate intracellular pH is exchanging bicarbonate for Cl(-). We tested the hypothesis that in ameloblasts the anion exchanger-2 (Ae2) is involved in pH regulation during maturation stage amelogenesis. Quantitative X-ray microprobe mineral content analysis, scanning electron microscopy, histology, micro-computed tomography and Ae2 immuno-localisation analyses were applied to Ae2-deficient and wild-type mouse mandibles. Immuno-localisation of Ae2 in wild-type mouse incisors showed a very strong expression of Ae2 in the basolateral membranes of the maturation stage ameloblasts. Strikingly, zones of contiguous ameloblasts were found within the maturation stage in which Ae2 expression was extremely low as opposed to neighbouring cells. Maturation stage ameloblasts of the Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice failed to stain for Ae2 and showed progressive disorganisation as enamel development advanced. Maturation stage enamel of the Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice contained substantially less mineral and more protein than wild-type enamel as determined by quantitative X-ray microanalysis. Incisor enamel was more severely affected than molar enamel. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the rod-inter-rod structures of the Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice incisor enamel were absent. Mineral content of dentine and bone of Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice was not significantly different from wild-type mice. The enamel from knockout mouse teeth wore down much faster than that from wild-type litter mates. Basolateral bicarbonate secretion via the anionic exchanger Ae2 is essential for mineral growth in the maturation stage enamel. The observed zonal expression of Ae2 in the maturation stage ameloblasts is in line with a model for cyclic proton secretion during maturation stage amelogenesis.

[Pubic symphysis septic arthritis. Report of one case]. / Artritis séptica de la sínfisis del pubis.

Septic arthritis of the pubic symphysis is an unusual disease. Its clinical presentation includes pubic pain, fever and alteration of serum inflammatory markers in most cases. We report a 23 year-old male presenting with pubic pain and fever. Magnetic resonance showed an arthritis of the pubic symphysis and a 18 x 8 mm liquid collection. The patient was treated with antibiotics with a good clinical response. Two weeks after discharge, he was completely asymptomatic.

Artritis séptica de la sínfisis del pubis / Pubic symphysis septic arthritis. Report of one case

Septic arthritis of the pubic symphysis is an unusual disease. Its clinical presentation includes pubic pain, fever and alteration of serum inflammatory markers in most cases. We report a 23 year-old male presenting with pubic pain and fever. Magnetic resonance showed an arthritis of the pubic symphysis and a 18 x 8 mm liquid collection. The patient was treated with antibiotics with a good clinical response. Two weeks after discharge, he was completely asymptomatic.

Tratamiento artroscópico del pellizcamiento femoroacetabular combinado: técnica quirúrgica / Arthroscopic treatment of combined femoroacetabular impingement: surgical technique

The hip can be a source of pain and physical impairment. Femoroacetabular impingement is one of many diagnoses. Femoroacetabular impingement has been associated to labral tears and early osteoarthritis. Treatment for this pathology may include surgery. The procedure will vary depending on the kind of impingement and concomitant lesions. The different surgical procedures have been described by non-arthroscopic approaches. As in other joints, the arthroscopic approach implies certain advantages, making it an attractive choice considering its lower frequency of complications. One of the limitations of arthroscopic procedures isthe technical difficulty it implies. Our group has performed 43 hip arthroscopic procedures for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement with the technique described in this paper. Good to excellent results have been obtained in 91percent of the cases (39/43), in a short term follow up. In spite of the technical difficulties and complications proper of the procedure, the arthroscopic approach presents itself as a good alternative for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement, allowing us to perform.

La articulación de la cadera puede ser origen de dolor y limitación funcional. Entre otros diagnósticos se encuentra el pellizcamiento femoroacetabular. El diagnóstico de pellizcamiento de cadera se ha visto asociado a rotura del labrum y artrosis precoz. El tratamiento de esta patología puede incluir cirugía. El procedimiento a realizar depende del tipo de pellizcamiento y lesiones asociadas. Los distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos han sido reportados por vía abierta. Al igual que en otras articulaciones, la vía artroscópica presenta ventajas relativas haciéndola una opción atractiva por su menor índice de complicaciones. Una de las limitantes de la artroscopía es la dificultad técnica que ésta plantea. Nuestro grupo ha realizado 43 artroscopías de cadera para el tratamiento del pellizcamiento femoroacetabular con la técnica aquí descrita. Se han obtenido buenos a excelentes resultados en 91por ciento de los casos (39/43), en un seguimiento a corto plazo. A pesar de las dificultades técnicas y complicaciones inherentes al procedimiento, la vía artroscópica se presenta como una buena alternativa de tratamiento de los pellizcamientos femoroacetabulares pudiendo hacerse desinserción del labrum, acetabuloplastia, re-inserción y bumpectomía.

Valores plasmáticos de proteína C reactiva (PCR) en cirugía ortopédica electiva / Plasma C reactive protein in elective orthopedic surgery

Background: C reactive protein (CRP) is used as a marker of inflammatory, infectious and surgical processes. Aim: To measure post operative plasma CRP levels after elective orthopedic surgery. Materials and Methods: Four groups of 25 patients each were defined according to the type of surgical procedure performed. Group I corresponded to pure arthroscopic meniscectomy. Group II to arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or knee osteotomy. Group III to elective primary total hip or knee arthroplasty and group IV to instrumented elective spine surgery. Plasma CRP levels were measured prospectively at the preoperative day and at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 15th postoperative day. Patients that had any complication were evaluated independently. Results: In all uncomplicated patients, a similar shape and distribution of plasma CRP curves were observed, with maximum postoperative levels observed between the second and third day. Patients with more complex surgical procedures had higher CRP values. In all groups, CRP levels decreased significantly at 7th and 15th day, with respect to the higher measured value. In patients with surgical complications, PCR values were higher or did not decrease significantly at the seventh postoperative day, as in patients without complications. Conclusion: Plasma CRP levels fluctuate after elective orthopedic surgical procedures, with maximum values observed between the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day followed by an ulterior decrease. This behavior changes if postoperative complication appear. Serial measurements of CRP levels may be useful in the early detection of surgical complications.

[Plasma C reactive protein in elective orthopedic surgery]. / Valores plasmáticos de proteína C reactiva (PCR) en cirugía ortopédica electiva.

BACKGROUND: C reactive protein (CRP) is used as a marker of inflammatory, infectious and surgical processes. AIM: To measure post operative plasma CRP levels after elective orthopedic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups of 25 patients each were defined according to the type of surgical procedure performed. Group I corresponded to pure arthroscopic meniscectomy. Group II to arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or knee osteotomy. Group III to elective primary total hip or knee arthroplasty and group IV to instrumented elective spine surgery. Plasma CRP levels were measured prospectively at the preoperative day and at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 15th postoperative day. Patients that had any complication were evaluated independently. RESULTS: In all uncomplicated patients, a similar shape and distribution of plasma CRP curves were observed, with maximum postoperative levels observed between the second and third day. Patients with more complex surgical procedures had higher CRP values. In all groups, CRP levels decreased significantly at 7th and 15th day, with respect to the higher measured value. In patients with surgical complications, PCR values were higher or did not decrease significantly at the seventh postoperative day, as in patients without complications. CONCLUSION: Plasma CRP levels fluctuate after elective orthopedic surgical procedures, with maximum values observed between the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day followed by an ulterior decrease. This behavior changes if postoperative complication appear. Serial measurements of CRP levels may be useful in the early detection of surgical complications.

[A contribution safety on using low molecular weight heparin in patients with renal failure]. / Contribución a la seguridad en la utilización de heparina de bajo peso molecular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal.

OBJECTIVES: 1. To promote safe and appropriate use of low molecular weight heparins in patients with renal failure. 2. To analyze results from a pharmaceutical intervention program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a prospective, 16-month study are presented. The entire adult population of a general hospital with 41,792 stays/year is included. An intensive monitoring program for low molecular weight heparin prescriptions in patients with renal failure is implemented. This program identifies patients using a computerized unit dose system, and is aided by a software able to calculate creatinine clearance using the Cockroft-Gault formula from an interphase between laboratory, pharmacy and admissions data, and by an algorithm to establish a recommended pharmaceutical intervention according to renal failure severity and low molecular weight heparin indication, either with prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. RESULTS: In all, 221 patients were identified, corresponding to 2.9% of admitted patients and 25.5% of patients with renal failure. Answers were assessable for 128 patients (61%). Extent of program acceptance according to physician-accepted pharmaceutical interventions was proportional to renal failure severity and therapy intensiveness. An acceptance of 70% was obtained for treatments with clearance < 30 mL/min, of 41.8% for treatments with 30-60 mL/min, of 31.5% for prophylaxis, and of 21.4% for low-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Program repercussions improve prescription safety. 2. Scarce literature and a belief in low molecular weight heparin safety account for responses regarding pharmaceutical intervention. 3. Integrated computerized systems are essential for the implementation of intensive pharmaceutical care programs.

Contribución a la seguridad en la utilización de heparina de bajo peso molecular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal / A contribution to safety on using low molecular weight heparin in patients with renal failure

Objetivos: 1. Promover un uso seguro y apropiado de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal.2. Analizar los resultados del programa de intervención farmacéutica. Material y métodos: Se presentan los datos de un estudio prospectivo de 16 meses de duración. Se incluye toda la población adulta de un hospital general de 41.792 estancias/año. Se implementa un programa de seguimiento intensivo de las prescripciones de heparina de bajo peso molecular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal. Este programa identifica los pacientes a través del sistema informatizado de unidosis y es asistido por un soporte informático, que calcula el aclaramiento de creatinina según la fórmula Cockroft-Gault a partir de una interfase entre los datos de laboratorio, de farmacia y admisiones y por un algoritmo que determina el tipo de intervención farmacéutica que se debe realizar en función del grado de insuficiencia renal y según la indicación de utilización de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular ya sea con fines profilácticos o de tratamiento. Resultados: Se han identificado 221 pacientes, que se corresponde a 2,9 por ciento del total de ingresados y al 25,5 por ciento de los pacientes en insuficiencia renal. Las respuestas fueron valorables en 128 pacientes (61 por ciento). El grado de aceptación del programa medido según las intervenciones farmacéuticas aceptadas por el facultativo fue proporcional a la severidad de la insuficiencia renal y a la intensidad del tratamiento. Se obtuvo el 70 por ciento de aceptación en los tratamientos con aclaramiento < 30 ml/min, el 41,8 por ciento en los tratamientos de 30-60 ml/min, en las profilaxis el 31,5 por ciento en alto riesgo y el 21,4 por ciento en bajo riesgo. Conclusiones: 1. El impacto del programa mejora la seguridad en la prescripción. La poca literatura y la creencia sobre la seguridad de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular explican la respuesta frente a la Intervención farmacéutica.3. Los sistemas informáticos integrados son imprescindibles para implementar programas intensivos de atención farmacéutica (AU)