RESUMO
The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is an important reservoir species for influenza A viruses (IAV), and in this host, prevalence and virus diversity are high. Studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. Further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related HA subtypes. We utilized a natural experimental system to determine whether homo- or heterospecific immunity could be induced following experimental vaccination. Thirty Mallards were vaccinated with an inactivated H3, H6 or a sham vaccine and after seroconversion were exposed to naturally infected wild conspecifics. All ducks were infected within 2 days and had both primary and secondary infections. Overall, there was no observable difference between groups; all individuals were infected with H3 and H10 IAV. At the cessation of the experiment, most individuals had anti-NP antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against H10. Not all individuals had H3 neutralizing antibodies. The isolated H3 IAVs revealed genetic dissimilarity to the H3 vaccine strain, specifically substitutions in the vicinity of the receptor-binding site. There was no evidence of vaccine-induced homosubtypic immunity to H3, a likely result of both a poor H3 immune response in the ducks and H3 immune escape. Likewise, there was no observed heterosubtypic protection related to H6 vaccination. This study highlights the need for experimental approaches to assess how exposure to pathogens and resulting immune processes translates to individual and population disease dynamics.
Assuntos
Patos/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Patos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza ARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an index of systemic inflammation, has been associated with worse survival for many types of cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of the blood NLR as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Stage IV NSCLC patients diagnosed in our institution between April 2004 and March 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Potential prognostic factors such as histology, gender, performance status, response to chemotherapy and NLR were analyzed. NLR was assessed baseline and during chemotherapy treatment. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients were included in the study and 60 patients (35.1 %) presented a NLR ≥ 5. Median survival for the entire cohort was 9.3 months. We found that patients with undifferentiated carcinoma and patients with NLR ≥ 5 had a worse survival. Median PFS of patients with NLR <5 was 5.62 months and in patients with NLR ≥ 5 was 3.25 months (p = 0.098), and OS was 11.1 versus 5.6 months for patients with NLR<5 and NLR ≥ 5, respectively (p = 0.017). During the chemotherapy treatment, patients who normalized NLR after one cycle presented better outcomes (OS 8.7 vs. 4.3 months, p = 0.001, for patients who normalized NLR and for patients who remained persistently elevated). After multivariate analysis, histology and NLR remained independent predictors of survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In our analysis, elevated NLR is a predictor of shorter survival in patients with advanced NSCLC and the variation of NLR during the first cycle of treatment predicts survival. NLR is an easily measured, reproducible test that could be considered to be incorporated in the routine practice in NSCLC patients (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Progressão da Doença , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Linfócitos/patologia , Neutrófilos/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an index of systemic inflammation, has been associated with worse survival for many types of cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of the blood NLR as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Stage IV NSCLC patients diagnosed in our institution between April 2004 and March 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Potential prognostic factors such as histology, gender, performance status, response to chemotherapy and NLR were analyzed. NLR was assessed baseline and during chemotherapy treatment. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients were included in the study and 60 patients (35.1 %) presented a NLR ≥ 5. Median survival for the entire cohort was 9.3 months. We found that patients with undifferentiated carcinoma and patients with NLR ≥ 5 had a worse survival. Median PFS of patients with NLR <5 was 5.62 months and in patients with NLR ≥ 5 was 3.25 months (p = 0.098), and OS was 11.1 versus 5.6 months for patients with NLR<5 and NLR ≥ 5, respectively (p = 0.017). During the chemotherapy treatment, patients who normalized NLR after one cycle presented better outcomes (OS 8.7 vs. 4.3 months, p = 0.001, for patients who normalized NLR and for patients who remained persistently elevated). After multivariate analysis, histology and NLR remained independent predictors of survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In our analysis, elevated NLR is a predictor of shorter survival in patients with advanced NSCLC and the variation of NLR during the first cycle of treatment predicts survival. NLR is an easily measured, reproducible test that could be considered to be incorporated in the routine practice in NSCLC patients.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Linfócitos/patologia , Neutrófilos/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Progressão da Doença , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85% of lung cancer. The most frequent sites of distant metastasis are the liver, adrenal glands, bones and brain. Gastrointestinal metastases are uncommon and rectal metastases are extremely rare. Here we report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with rectal metastases.
