Risk factors for laryngospasm in children during general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Laryngospasm is a common and often serious adverse respiratory event encountered during anesthetic care of children. We examined, in a case control design, the risk factors for laryngospasm in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of 130 children identified as having experienced laryngospasm under general anesthesia were examined. Cases were identified from those prospectively entered into the Mayo Clinic performance improvement database between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2005. Potential demographic, patient, surgical and anesthetic related risk factors were determined in a 1 : 2 case-control study. RESULTS: No individual demographic factors were found to be significantly associated with risk for laryngospasm. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between laryngospasm and intercurrent upper respiratory infection (OR 2.03 P = 0.022) and the presence of an airway anomaly (OR = 3.35, P = 0.030). Among those experiencing laryngospasm during maintenance or emergence, the use of a laryngeal mask airway was strongly associated even when adjusted for the presence of upper respiratory infection and airway anomaly (P = 0.019). Ten patients experienced postoperatively one or more complications whereas only three complications were observed among controls (P = 0.008). No child required cardiopulmonary resuscitation and there were no deaths in either study cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In our pediatric population, the risk of laryngospasm was increased in children with upper respiratory tract infection or an airway anomaly. The use of laryngeal mask airway was found to be associated with laryngospasm even when adjusted for the presence of upper respiratory tract infection and airway anomaly.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation after craniotomy.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is reported in neurosurgical patients; however, the incidence of DIC after craniotomy procedures is unknown. Using a surgical database, we identified 3164 patients who underwent primary craniotomy at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2004. Potential cases of DIC in this population were identified using 3 search triggers, patients: (1) in whom the diagnosis of DIC was noted on their hospital discharge summary, (2) who received red blood cell-free blood products, or (3) in whom a blood fibrinogen or d-dimer concentration was assessed. Using criteria based on laboratory values, we estimated the incidence of DIC developing within 72 hours of primary craniotomy to be between 13 and 44 per 10,000 patients. Despite a low incidence of DIC, the associated mortality rate was 43% to 75%. Traumatic head injury was a significant risk factor for the development of DIC [odds ratio of trauma was in the range of 16 (95% confidence interval (CI)=5.3-49) to 29 (CI=4.0-204)]. Autologous salvaged blood was administered intraoperatively to 44 patients, and 1 of these developed DIC. Although this small sample of patients receiving salvaged blood requires caution in interpreting the results, the risk of DIC seemed to be greater with salvaged blood than without [odds ratio 24 (CI=2.5-237)]. In children, 2 of 3 patients who developed DIC had congenital malformations of the brain. Findings from this study suggest that DIC is rare after craniotomy, but is often associated with mortality.

Predictors of mortality following symptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

PURPOSE: To determine 30-day mortality and predictors of mortality following perioperative pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: We searched both the Mayo Clinic electronic medical records and Autopsy Registry, between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2001, for patients who developed PE within 30 days after noncardiac surgery performed under general or neuraxial anesthesia. Medical records of all identified patients were reviewed using standardized data collection forms. The association between risk factors for PE and 30-day post-PE mortality was assessed using t tests, exact binomial tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 158 patients with probable or definite perioperative PE. The overall 30-day mortality from the day of PE was 25.3%, i.e., 40 patients died. Hypotension requiring treatment, need for mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit admission were the prominent univariate predictors of 30-day mortality (all P