Comparative study of visits to Hospital Emergency Department for opioid overdose in two periods.

OBJECTIVE: The last few years have seen an increase in the use of opioid analgesics and in the incidence of opioid overdoses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of overdose-related visits to a  university hospital emergency department at two different periods of time  to analyze potential differences in terms of patient characteristics,  prescription profile, and treatment. METHOD: This is a retrospective observational study of opioid  verdoserelated visits in two periods of time: 2009-2014 and 2018-2020. RESULTS: The study included 47 cases of opioid overdoses: 20 during the first period (3.3 cases/year) and 27 during the second (9 cases/year).  A comparison between the two period showed a decrease in the patients' age (81.1 vs 74.0; p = 0.044) and an increase in the number of  acute trauma-derived pain treatments at the expense of chronic pain  treatments (p = 0.002). No differences were observed in the opioids  involved. As regards symptoms, there was a decrease in the incidence of  confusional syndromes (p = 0.026) and an increase in deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency room visits for opioid overdoses have increased in recent years, as has the mortality associated to them. A  change has also been observed in the profile of affected patients, with a  higher number of cases where pain is derived from acute trauma.

Objetivo: El uso de fármacos opioides ha aumentado en las últimas  écadas, así como las intoxicaciones relacionadas con su uso. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el número de visitas a urgencias en un hospital  universitario por intoxicaciones por opiáceos entre dos periodos y analizar  las posibles diferencias de las características de los pacientes, perfil de  prescripción y el tratamiento de dicha intoxicación.Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de las visitas debidas a intoxicaciones por fármacos opiáceos en dos periodos: 2009-2014 y 2018-2020.Resultados: Se incluyeron 47 casos de intoxicaciones, 20 en el primer periodo (3,3 casos/año) y 27 en el segundo (9 casos/año). Se observó una disminución en la edad de los pacientes (81,1 versus 74,0; p = 0,044) y un incremento de tratamientos debidos a dolor  raumatológico agudo a expensas de menos tratamientos de dolor crónico (p = 0,002). No hubo diferencias en el opiáceo implicado. Con  respecto a la clínica, se observó una disminución en los síndromes  confusionales (p = 0,026) y un incremento de fallecimientos.Conclusiones: Las visitas a urgencias por intoxicaciones a fármacos opiáceos han aumentado en los últimos años, así como la  mortalidad asociada. El perfil de los pacientes implicados ha variado,  incrementándose el tratamiento de dolor traumatológico agudo.

Estudio comparativo de las visitas a urgencias por intoxicaciones por opiáceos en dos periodos / Comparative study of visits to Hospital Emergency Department for opioid overdose in two periods

Objetivo: El uso de fármacos opioides ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, así como las intoxicaciones relacionadas con su uso. El objetivo de esteestudio es evaluar el número de visitas a urgencias en un hospital universitariopor intoxicaciones por opiáceos entre dos periodos y analizar las posiblesdiferencias de las características de los pacientes, perfil de prescripción y eltratamiento de dicha intoxicación.Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de las visitas debidas aintoxicaciones por fármacos opiáceos en dos periodos: 2009-2014 y2018-2020.Resultados: Se incluyeron 47 casos de intoxicaciones, 20 en el primer periodo (3,3 casos/año) y 27 en el segundo (9 casos/año). Seobservó una disminución en la edad de los pacientes (81,1 versus 74,0;p = 0,044) y un incremento de tratamientos debidos a dolor traumatológico agudo a expensas de menos tratamientos de dolor crónico(p = 0,002). No hubo diferencias en el opiáceo implicado. Con respectoa la clínica, se observó una disminución en los síndromes confusionales(p = 0,026) y un incremento de fallecimientos.Conclusiones: Las visitas a urgencias por intoxicaciones a fármacosopiáceos han aumentado en los últimos años, así como la mortalidadasociada. El perfil de los pacientes implicados ha variado, incrementándose el tratamiento de dolor traumatológico agudo. (AU)

Objective: The last few years have seen an increase in the use of opioidanalgesics and in the incidence of opioid overdoses. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the number of overdose-related visits to a universityhospital emergency department at two different periods of time to analyzepotential differences in terms of patient characteristics, prescription profile,and treatment.Method: This is a retrospective observational study of opioid overdoserelated visits in two periods of time: 2009-2014 and 2018-2020.Results: The study included 47 cases of opioid overdoses: 20 during thefirst period (3.3 cases/year) and 27 during the second (9 cases/year). Acomparison between the two period showed a decrease in the patients’age (81.1 vs 74.0; p = 0.044) and an increase in the number of acutetrauma-derived pain treatments at the expense of chronic pain treatments(p = 0.002). No differences were observed in the opioids involved. Asregards symptoms, there was a decrease in the incidence of confusionalsyndromes (p = 0.026) and an increase in deaths.Conclusions: Emergency room visits for opioid overdoses have increased in recent years, as has the mortality associated to them. A changehas also been observed in the profile of affected patients, with a highernumber of cases where pain is derived from acute trauma. (AU)

Tacrolimus, Sirolimus and Everolimus Doses in HIV-Infected Solid-Organ Recipients, Requiring a Cobicistat-Based Antiretroviral Regimen: Report of Three Cases and Review.

People living with HIV should be considered candidates for solid-organ transplantation (SOT). However, managing HIV-infected patients undergoing SOT represents a major challenge due to the potential drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and immunosuppressive agents, particularly when resorting to antiretroviral drugs that require pharmacokinetic enhancers. We report three cases of cobicistat-tacrolimus co-administration, two of which also include the co-administration of mTOR inhibitors, in HIV-positive patients undergoing SOT (2 kidney and 1 liver recipient). We review previously reported cases and provide recommendations for initial management following transplantation.

Treating posttransplantation diabetes mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Transplant physicians have tried to avoid graft rejection and early graft loss for many years. However, physicians are now aware about improving long-term kidney and patient survival, a challenge that needs to focus on cardiovascular risk management. One major contributor of this risk is the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). AREAS COVERED: We performed a literature search based on PubMed, covering prevalence, risk factors, prevention and treatment of PTDM. EXPERT OPINION: We need good quality clinical trials on PTDM prevention and management. In addition, basic and translational-targeted studies should be encouraged, as high-quality molecular and mechanistic analyses are not frequent in this area. Hard end points such as patient and graft survival, cardiovascular and other microvascular complications in patients with PTDM are very difficult to reach, so we need good surrogate end points. The currently used ones are extrapolations from the general population. The target glucose or HbA1c levels to achieve are largely unknown. We need strategies to delay or prevent PTDM, and tailoring immunosuppression and antidiabetic management including early insulin and oral agents from the early transplant surgery could be essential. Treatment of established PTDM with the new families of oral hypoglycemic agents--secretagogues and incretins--needs higher levels of evidence to prove their short- and long-term safety and efficacy, even at early PTDM stages.

Design of a score to identify hospitalized patients at risk of drug-related problems.

PURPOSE: The potential impact of drug-related problems (DRP) on morbidity and mortality is a serious concern in hospitalized patients. This study aimed to design a risk score to identify patients most at risk of a DRP. METHODS: Data from patients admitted to a tertiary university hospital between January and August 2009 were used to design the risk score (training set). DRP were detected through a pharmacy warning system integrated in the computerized medical history. The variables associated with developing a DRP were identified through a binary multivariate logistic regression analysis and were used to compute the DRP risk score, which was subsequently validated in patients admitted between September and December 2009 (validation set). RESULTS: Of the 8713 patients included in the training set, at least one DRP was detected in 2425 (27.8%). Prescription of a higher number of drugs, higher comorbidity, advanced age, certain groups of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, and some major diagnostic categories were associated with risk of DRP. These variables were used to compute the DRP risk score. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.778 (95%CI [0.768, 0.789]). Of the 4058 admissions included in the validation set, at least one DRP was detected in 876 (21.6%). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.776 (95%CI [0.759, 0.792]). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the variables associated with DRP could aid their early detection in at-risk patients. The use of an application that can be continually updated in daily clinical practice helps to optimize resources.

Influencia de la etnia en el comportamiento farmacocinético de amikacina / Influence of ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin

Introducción: A pesar del aumento de la diversidad étnica en nuestro entorno, existen pocos estudios sobre la influencia en la farmacocinética de amikacina. En este estudio se compararon las características farmacocinéticas de amikacina en diferentes etnias: asiáticos, hispanos, magrebíes y caucásicos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel durante ocho años. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes en tratamiento con amikacina endovenosa en régimen de ampliación de intervalo. Se analizaron los parámetros farmacocinéticos con determinación de niveles plasmáticos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico bivariado y una regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Se incluyeron 164 pacientes: 7 asiáticos, 135 caucásicos, 11 hispanos y 11 magrebíes. Se evidenciaron concentraciones plasmáticas inferiores de amikacina en la población magrebí respecto al resto de etnias como consecuencia de su mayor aclaramiento. Conclusiones: Sería recomendable monitorizar las concentraciones plasmáticas de amikacina en pacientes magrebíes para evitar el riesgo de concentraciones subterapéuticas (AU)

Objective: Despite the increasing ethnic diversity, there are few studies of its influence on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in different populations: Asian, Hispanic, North Africans and Caucasian. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed in a tertiary teaching hospital during eight years. It was included all patients with intravenous amikacin treatment in extended interval dosing regimen with therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed. A bivariate and multiple linear regression statistical analysis were carried out. Results: 164 patients were included: 7 asians, 135 Caucasians, 11 Hispanics and 11 from North Africa. It was shown a lower plasma concentrations of amikacin in North Africa population due to its greater clearance. Conclusions: Amikacin plasma concentrations monitoring is advisable in patients from North Africa in order to avoid subtherapeutic concentrations (AU)

[Influence of ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin]. / Influencia de la etnia en el comportamiento farmacocinético de amikacina.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the increasing ethnic diversity, there are few studies of its influence on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in different populations: Asian, Hispanic, North Africans and Caucasian. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in a tertiary teaching hospital during eight years. It was included all patients with intravenous amikacin treatment in extended interval dosing regimen with therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed. A bivariate and multiple linear regression statistical analysis were carried out. RESULTS: 164 patients were included: 7 asians, 135 Caucasians, 11 Hispanics and 11 from North Africa. It was shown a lower plasma concentrations of amikacin in North Africa population due to its greater clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Amikacin plasma concentrations monitoring is advisable in patients from North Africa in order to avoid subtherapeutic concentrations.

Comparative effects of olive oil-based and soyabean oil-based emulsions on infection rate and leucocyte count in critically ill patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

Soyabean oil-based emulsions high in linoleic acid used in parenteral nutrition (PN) could interfere with immune function and may increase the risk of septic complications. Olive oil-based emulsions, high in oleic acid, could have fewer immune effects. We compared the effects of a soyabean oil-based emulsion v. an olive oil-based emulsion on infection rate, appearance of new infection episodes, leucocyte count (peak and evolution), acute-phase proteins, and major health outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) adult patients receiving PN. The study was designed as an observational, retrospective, single-centre, cohort study in a general ICU. Patients in the SOYA cohort (n 16) received a soyabean oil-based emulsion and patients in the OLIVE cohort (n 23), an olive oil-based emulsion. Both cohorts had similar basal characteristics and received a similar energy load. The SOYA cohort received an oleic acid:linoleic acid ratio of 0.43 and the OLIVE cohort 2.99 (P < 0.001). No differences were observed in infection rate and appearance, acute-phase proteins, and major health outcomes. At the end of PN, blood leucocyte count decreased by 3.25 x 109 cells/l in the SOYA cohort and increased by 4.51 x 109 cells/l in the OLIVE cohort from baseline values (P = 0.036). Peak leucocyte count presented a trend for a higher value in the OLIVE cohort v. the SOYA cohort (18.86 v. 15.28 x 109 cells/l; P = 0.078). The use of an olive oil-based emulsion in PN had no effect on infection, acute-phase proteins, major health outcomes, and presented higher leucocyte count at the end of PN and a trend to higher peak leucocyte count when compared with soyabean oil-based emulsion in ICU patients.

[Monitoring plasma antibiotic concentrations in Spanish hospitals]. / Monitorización de concentraciones plasmáticas de antibióticos en hospitales españoles.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring of plasma aminoglycoside and vancomycin concentrations is a measure of good clinical practice in critically ill patients. However, the frequency and application of this practice in Spanish hospitals is unknown. METHODS: Observational, multicenter study based on a survey designed by the Study Group for Infection in the Critically Ill Patient of the Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC, Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology). The survey was sent to the 221 general hospitals with a more than 150-bed capacity included in the hospital directory. Questions regarding the antibiotics monitored, hospital services involved, systems used to report the results, and levels of intervention were included. RESULTS: Information was recorded from 56 (25.3%) hospitals with a total of 36,886 beds, among which 933 (2.5%) corresponded to critically ill patients. In 47 (83.9%) hospitals, plasma concentrations of one or two antibiotics were determined: vancomycin in 47 (83.9% of the total), amikacin in 41 (73.2%), and gentamicin in 40 (71.2%). Analyses were performed by the following services: Biochemistry in 34%, Pharmacy in 25.5% and Pharmacology in 8.5%. Only 57.4% of services recommended dose adjustments according to the results obtained, using eight different dose adjustment models. CONCLUSIONS: In 16% of the hospitals surveyed, monitoring of antibiotic concentrations was not performed in daily practice. There was considerable variation in all phases of the process, especially with regard to adjustment of plasma antibiotic concentrations. Consensus recommendations established by all the Services implicated are required to standardize monitoring of plasma antibiotic concentrations.

Monitorización de concentraciones plasmáticas de antibióticos en hospitales españoles / Monitoring plasma antibiotic concentrations in Spanish hospitals

Antecedentes. La monitorización de concentraciones plasmáticas de aminoglucósidos y vancomicina es una medida de buena práctica clínica en pacientes críticos. Sin embargo, se desconoce su frecuencia y forma de aplicación en hospitales españoles. Métodos. Estudio observacional y multicéntrico, basado en una encuesta elaborada por el Grupo de Estudio de Infección del Paciente Crítico de la SEIMC. Ámbito: 221 hospitales generales con más de 150 camas incluidos en la guía de hospitales. Se incluyen preguntas sobre los antibióticos monitorizados, servicios que realizan las técnicas, sistemas de comunicación de resultados y grado de intervención. Resultados. Se obtuvo información de 56 hospitales (25,3%) con un total de 36.886 camas, de las que 933 (2,5%) eran de pacientes críticos. En 47 hospitales (83,9%) realizan determinaciones de concentraciones plasmáticas de uno o más antibióticos, y destacan: vancomicina, 47 (83,9% de los hospitales); amikacina, 41 (73,2%), y gentamicina, 40 (71,2%). El 34,0% de los análisis se han realizado en servicios de Bioquímica, el 25,5% en servicios de Farmacia y el 8,5% en servicios de Farmacología. Sólo el 57,4% de los servicios recomiendan ajustes de dosificación relacionados con los resultados obtenidos, con ocho modelos de ajuste distintos. Conclusiones. El 16% de los hospitales encuestados no incluyen la monitorización de antibióticos en su práctica asistencial. Existe una importante variabilidad en todas las fases del proceso, en especial, en el ajuste de las concentraciones plasmáticas. Es necesario consensuar, con todos los servicios implicados, un conjunto de recomendaciones para homogeneizar la monitorización plasmática de antibióticos (AU)

Background. Monitoring of plasma aminoglycoside and vancomycin concentrations is a measure of good clinical practice in critically ill patients. However, the frequency and application of this practice in Spanish hospitals is unknown. Methods. Observational, multicenter study based on a survey designed by the Study Group for Infection in the Critically Ill Patient of the Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC, Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology). The survey was sent to the 221 general hospitals with a more than 150-bed capacity included in the hospital directory. Questions regarding the antibiotics monitored, hospital services involved, systems used to report the results, and levels of intervention were included. Results. Information was recorded from 56 (25.3%) hospitals with a total of 36,886 beds, among which 933 (2.5%) corresponded to critically ill patients. In 47 (83.9%) hospitals, plasma concentrations of one or two antibiotics were determined: vancomycin in 47 (83.9% of the total), amikacin in 41 (73.2%), and gentamicin in 40 (71.2%). Analyses were performed by the following services: Biochemistry in 34%, Pharmacy in 25.5% and Pharmacology in 8.5%. Only 57.4% of services recommended dose adjustments according to the results obtained, using eight different dose adjustment models. Conclusions. In 16% of the hospitals surveyed, monitoring of antibiotic concentrations was not performed in daily practice. There was considerable variation in all phases of the process, especially with regard to adjustment of plasma antibiotic concentrations. Consensus recommendations established by all the Services implicated are required to standardize monitoring of plasma antibiotic concentrations (AU)

Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of linezolid versus teicoplanin in bacteremia by Gram-positive microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of linezolid versus teicoplanin in the treatment of bacteremia produced by Gram-positive microorganisms through a pharmacoeconomic analysis based on clinical results obtained from a previous clinical trial. METHODS: We applied an analysis of cost-effectiveness elaborated through a pharmacoeconomic model. We defined each unit of effectiveness as 'each successfully cured of infections with bacteremia.' We used the program Pharma-Decision (version Hospital 1.1) that allows to build interactive pharmacoeconomic models. Effectiveness data of both antibiotics were obtained from a published clinical trial, while resources consumed were obtained from the same source and from a consensus provided by a local expert panel. Only direct costs were included in the analysis without taking into consideration indirect costs. The perspective chosen was hospital assistance and the time horizon was set to 28 days. All costs are expressed in Euros. RESULTS: Linezolid demonstrated a better clinical outcome with less associated costs compared to teicoplanin (88.5 versus 56.7% of cured patients and 5,557.04 versus 6,327.43 per treated patient, respectively), thus resulting in a lower cost-effectiveness ratio for linezolid versus teicoplanin (6,279.1 versus 11,159.5 per cured patient with a 95% CI of 5,960.2-6,510.4 and 10,865.2-12,647.3, respectively) which results in a the dominant position for linezolid. The sensitivity analysis showed that linezolid was always the most efficient option even when modifying the value of variables with higher uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: Linezolid is a more efficient option than teicoplanin because it presents higher rate of effectiveness with lower consumption of resources, thus being a dominant alternative in the treatment of Gram-positive infection with bacteremia.

Linezolid-associated serotonin syndrome: what we can learn from cases reported so far.

OBJECTIVES: To study the characteristics of the linezolid-associated serotonin syndrome cases. METHODS: Database search for linezolid-associated serotonin syndrome. RESULTS: Twelve cases were found. The mean age of patients was 52.8 years. All patients received linezolid concomitantly with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor drugs (SSRID). The onset of syndrome was 9.5 days after linezolid introduction and was directly correlated to patients' age (P = 0.024). The symptoms resolved in 2.9 days. Citalopram was associated with a delayed resolution (P = 0.018). A trend was observed towards longer resolution time the longer the half-life of the interacting drug (P = 0.096). CONCLUSIONS: Patients are at risk when receiving SSRID concomitant with linezolid. The syndrome onset could be delayed in older patients. The resolution could be delayed when citalopram is involved in the syndrome.