Estimated annual costs of Chikungunya fever in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost of illness of Chikungunya in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019. METHODS: The study is a partial economic evaluation carried out with secondary data with free and unrestricted access. Direct outpatient and indirect costs of the acute, post-acute, and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever were estimated, in addition to hospital costs. The estimate of direct costs was performed using the notified cases and the standard treatment flowchart in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The indirect ones consist of loss of productivity and disability, using the burden of disease indicator (Disability-adjusted life year - DALY). RESULTS: The total number of reported cases was 38,830. Total costs were calculated at BRL 279,807,318, with 97% related to indirect costs. CONCLUSION: The chronic phase and indirect costs were the most expensive. The inability and permanence of Chikungunya differentiate the disease and increase the costs of its treatment.

Estimated annual costs of Chikungunya fever in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Estimativa dos custos anuais da febre chikungunya no município do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the cost of illness of Chikungunya in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: The study is a partial economic evaluation carried out with secondary data with free and unrestricted access. Direct outpatient and indirect costs of the acute, post-acute, and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever were estimated, in addition to hospital costs. The estimate of direct costs was performed using the notified cases and the standard treatment flowchart in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The indirect ones consist of loss of productivity and disability, using the burden of disease indicator (Disability-adjusted life year - DALY). Results: The total number of reported cases was 38,830. Total costs were calculated at BRL 279,807,318, with 97% related to indirect costs. Conclusion: The chronic phase and indirect costs were the most expensive. The inability and permanence of Chikungunya differentiate the disease and increase the costs of its treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar o custo-doença da chikungunya no município do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2019. Métodos: O estudo é uma avaliação econômica parcial realizada com dados secundários de acesso livre e irrestrito. Foram estimados os custos diretos ambulatoriais e indiretos das fases aguda, pós-aguda e crônica da febre chikungunya, além dos custos hospitalares. A estimativa dos custos diretos foi realizada através dos casos notificados e do fluxograma padrão de tratamento do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os indiretos consistem na perda de produtividade e da incapacidade, utilizando o indicador de carga de doença (DALY). Resultados: O número total de casos notificados foi de 38.830. Os custos totais foram calculados em R$ 279.807.318, sendo 97% relacionados aos custos indiretos. Conclusão: A fase crônica e os custos indiretos foram os mais onerosos. A incapacidade e a permanência da chikungunya diferenciam a doença e aumentam os custos de seu tratamento.

Mapping potential risks for the transmission of spotted fever rickettsiosis: The case study from the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

Spotted fever rickettsiosis is a zoonosis transmitted by ticks, having a varied clinical course that can lead to death if not managed properly. In Brazil it is more commonly observed in the Southeast, being an emerging public health problem. Hazard mapping models are common in different areas of knowledge, including public health, as a way of inferring reality and seeking to reduce or prevent damage. The aim of this study is to offer a spatial heuristic methodology for assessing the potential risk of transmission of spotted fever in the Rio de Janeiro state, located in the southeastern region of Brazil. For this, we used geospatial tools associated with eco-epidemiological data related to the clinical profile of the disease. The results achieved were substantially encouraging, considering that there are territories with greater or lesser expectation of risk for spotted fever in the study area. We observed that there are important distinctions between the two rickettsiosis scenarios in the same geographic space and that the areas where there is a greater potential risk of contracting rickettsiosis coincide with the administrative regions that concentrated the cases of hospitalization and deaths from the disease, concluding that the scenery found are relevant to the case series for the disease and that the planning of surveillance actions can gain in quality if the use of this spatial analysis tool is incorporated into the routine of local health management.

Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review of model-based analyses.

BACKGROUND: Decisions about which subgroup of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients should be treated with direct acting anti-viral agents (DAAs) have economic importance due to high drug prices. Treat-all DAA strategies for CHC have gained acceptance despite high drug acquisition costs. However, there are also costs associated with the surveillance of CHC to determine a subgroup of patients with significant impairment. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the modelling methods used and summarise results in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of both CHC treatment with DAAs and surveillance of liver disease. METHODS: Electronic databases including Embase and Medline were searched from inception to May 2015. Eligible studies included models predicting costs and/or outcomes for interventions, surveillance, or management of people with CHC. Narrative and quantitative synthesis were conducted. Quality appraisal was conducted using validated checklists. The review was conducted following principles published by NHS Centre for Research and Dissemination. RESULTS: Forty-one CEAs met the eligibility criteria for the review; 37 evaluated an intervention and four evaluated surveillance strategies for targeting DAA treatment to those likely to gain most benefit. Included studies were of variable quality mostly due to reporting omissions. Of the 37 CEAs, eight models that enabled comparative analysis were fully appraised and synthesized. These models provided non-unique cost-effectiveness estimates in a specific DAA comparison in a specific population defined in terms of genotype, prior treatment status, and presence or absence of cirrhosis. Marked heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness estimates was observed despite this stratification. Approximately half of the estimates suggested that DAAs were cost-effective considering a threshold of US$30,000 and 73% with threshold of US$50,000. Two models evaluating surveillance strategies suggested that treating all CHC patients regardless of the staging of liver disease could be cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: CEAs of CHC treatments need to better account for variability in their estimates. This analysis suggested that there are still circumstances where DAAs are not cost-effective. Surveillance in place of a treat-all strategy may still need to be considered as an option for deploying DAAs, particularly where acquisition cost is at the limit of affordability for a given health system.

Análise de custo-efetividade de métodos preventivos para superfície oclusal de acordo com o risco de cárie: resultados de um ensaio clínico controlado / Cost-effectiveness analysis of preventive methods for occlusal surface according to caries risk: results of a controlled clinical trial / Análisis del coste-efectividad de los métodos preventivos para una superficie oclusal según el riesgo de caries: resultados de un ensayo clínico controlado

Este estudo apresenta o resultado de uma avaliação de custo-efetividade conduzida ao longo de um ensaio clínico controlado para avaliar a efetividade do selamento com ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Vitremer, 3M ESPE) e da aplicação de verniz fluoretado (Duraphat, Col-gate) em superfícies oclusais de primeiros molares permanentes, em crianças de 6 a 8 anos (N = 268), segundo o risco de cárie (alto risco; baixo risco). As crianças foram examinadas semestralmente, ao longo de 24 meses, pelo mesmo dentista calibrado, após alocação em seis grupos: controle alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral); verniz alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral + aplicação semestral de verniz); e selante alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral + única aplicação do selante). A análise mostrou que o selamento de primeiros molares permanentes em crianças de alto risco apresentou razão de C/E de R$ 225,21(US$ 119,80) por superfície oclusal salva, e razão incremental de C/E de R$ 203,71(US$ 108,36) por superfície oclusal adicional salva. Conclui-se que uma única aplicação de selante, em escolares de alto risco, foi a intervenção mais custo-efetiva.

This study presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of a modified glass ionomer resin sealant ( Vitremer, 3M ESPE) and the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in children 6-8 years of age (N = 268), according to caries risk (high versus low). Children were examined semiannually by the same calibrated dentist for 24 months after allocation in six groups: high and low risk controls (oral health education every three months); high and low risk with varnish (oral health education every three months + varnish biannually); and high and low risk with sealant (oral health education every three months + a single application of sealant). Economic analysis showed that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren showed a C/E ratio of US$ 119.80 per saved occlusal surface and an incremental C/E ratio of US$ 108.36 per additional saved occlusal surface. The study concluded that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren was the most cost-effective intervention.

En este estudio se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de costo-efectividad (C/E) durante un ensayo clínico controlado para evaluar la efectividad de la obturación con ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (Vitremer, 3M ESPE) y la aplicación de barniz de flúor (Duraphat, Colgate) en las superficies oclusales de los primeros molares permanentes, para niños de 6-8 años (N = 268) de edad, de acuerdo con el riesgo de caries (alto riesgo-bajo riesgo). Los niños fueron examinados cada seis meses por el mismo dentista calibrado, durante 24 meses, después de haberle sido asignados seis grupos: control alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses); barniz alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses + barniz semestralmente); obturación alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses + una sola aplicación de ionómero de vidrio). El análisis económico mostró que la obturación de los primeros molares permanentes de escolares de alto riesgo presenta una relación C/E de US$ 119.80 de ahorro por superficie oclusal y una ratio C/E incremental de US$ 108.36 de ahorro adicional por superficie oclusal.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of preventive methods for occlusal surface according to caries risk: results of a controlled clinical trial]. / Análise de custo-efetividade de métodos preventivos para superfície oclusal de acordo com o risco de cárie: resultados de um ensaio clínico controlado.

This study presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of a modified glass ionomer resin sealant ( Vitremer, 3M ESPE) and the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in children 6-8 years of age (N = 268), according to caries risk (high versus low). Children were examined semiannually by the same calibrated dentist for 24 months after allocation in six groups: high and low risk controls (oral health education every three months); high and low risk with varnish (oral health education every three months + varnish biannually); and high and low risk with sealant (oral health education every three months + a single application of sealant). Economic analysis showed that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren showed a C/E ratio of US$ 119.80 per saved occlusal surface and an incremental C/E ratio of US$ 108.36 per additional saved occlusal surface. The study concluded that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren was the most cost-effective intervention.

The study of vancomycin use and its adverse reactions associated to patients of a Brazilian university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is an antibiotic of growing importance in the treatment of hospital infections, with particular emphasis on its value in the fight against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However its usage profile must be evaluated to assure maximum benefit and minimum risk. FINDINGS: A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out among inpatients that received vancomycin in a Brazilian quaternary hospital. The occurrence of adverse reactions reported was evaluated in medical records relating to patients taking vancomycin during a one year period. Males comprised 52% (95% CI: 41.7-60.2%) of the sample population, with a mean age of 50.6 (95% CI: 47.2-54.0) years and mean treatment period of 9.7 (95% CI: 8.0-11.5) Days. It was verified that nephrotoxicity occurred in 18.4% (95% CI: 11.3-27.5) of patients, Red man syndrome occurred in 2% (95% CI 0.2-7.2), while the occurrence of thrombocytopenia was 7.1% (95% CI: 2.9-14.2). CONCLUSIONS: It may be noted that even after 50 years of use, adverse reactions associated with vancomycin continue with high frequency, presenting a public health problem, especially considering its current use in cases of multidrug resistant infections. In this context, we emphasize the importance of intensive pharmacovigilance in hospital as a surveillance tool after drug approval by the sanitary authority.

Oral sustained release nystatin tablets for the treatment of oral candidiasis: formulation development and validation of UV spectrophotometric analytical methodology for content determination.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, oral sustained release mucoadhesive nystatin tablets were developed to increase nystatin contact time with the oral cavity and mask its unpleasant taste. METHODS: The best formulation studied included sustained release agents and it was submitted to physical-mechanical characterization, taste assessment and clinical test in twelve patients. The ultraviolet-visible nystatin methodology was also developed and validated in parallel as an alternative to the pharmacopoeial microbiological dosage method. RESULTS: The best formulation developed in this study included sustained release agents. The efficacy of this formulation was verified through a clinical assessment, showing that this formulation is more effective (100%) than the commercial oral nystatin suspension used traditionally (50%). Moreover, the UV absorption spectrophotometry method developed to validate the methodology for nystatin content analysis for new oral tablets was shown to be specific, linear, exact and reproducible, as recommended by the ICH regulations. CONCLUSION: The oral nystatin tablets developed showed to present faster therapeutic response than the oral aqueous solution through the preliminary clinical assays. The UV absorption spectrophotometry method showed to be an attractive test for the usual routine in the pharmaceutical industry.