Characterization of enzymatic profiles of Aedes aegypti strains from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

This study was conducted in four strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to evaluate the enzymatic activity profiles in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, and correlate them with biochemical mechanisms of resistance to insecticides. Mosquitos were used to quantify the following detoxification enzymes: Mixed-Function Oxidase (MFO), PNPA-esterase (PNPA-EST), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The profiles were compared statistically with profiles from the Rockefeller strain, through the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). The 99 percentile of the values of enzyme activity from the reference strain was calculated for each enzyme, and the percentage of individuals above the 99 percentile was quantified. The enzyme activities were classified as "Unchanged" (< 15%), "Identified change" (> 15% and < 50%), and "Substantially changed" (> 50%). The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the MFO and AChE profiles, which are fundamental in the determination of profiles of resistance to insecticides. Three populations were classified as "Substantially changed" for MFO. The altered enzymatic activity showed that the changes could have an important role in exposing resistance to insecticides.

Characterization of Enzymatic profiles of Aedes aegypti strains from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Caracterização de perfis enzimáticos de cepas do Aedes aegypti do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Abstract This study was conducted in four strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to evaluate the enzymatic activity profiles in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, and correlate them with biochemical mechanisms of resistance to insecticides. Mosquitos were used to quantify the following detoxification enzymes: Mixed-Function Oxidase (MFO), PNPA-esterase (PNPA-EST), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The profiles were compared statistically with profiles from the Rockefeller strain, through the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). The 99 percentile of the values of enzyme activity from the reference strain was calculated for each enzyme, and the percentage of individuals above the 99 percentile was quantified. The enzyme activities were classified as “Unchanged” (< 15%), “Identified change” (> 15% and < 50%), and “Substantially changed” (> 50%). The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the MFO and AChE profiles, which are fundamental in the determination of profiles of resistance to insecticides. Three populations were classified as “Substantially changed” for MFO. The altered enzymatic activity showed that the changes could have an important role in exposing resistance to insecticides.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado em quatro cepas de mosquitos Aedes aegypti da cidade de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, com o intuito de avaliar os perfis de atividade enzimática e correlacioná-los com os mecanismos bioquímicos de resistência a inseticidas. Mosquitos foram utilizados para quantificar as seguintes enzimas de detoxificação: oxidase de Função Mista (MFO), PNPA-esterase (PNPA-EST) e acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Os perfis das populações foram comparados estatisticamente com os da cepa Rockefeller por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis e do de comparações múltiplas de Dunn (p < 0,05). O percentil 99 dos valores de atividade enzimática da cepa referência foi calculado para cada enzima, e o percentual de indivíduos acima desse valor foi quantificado. As atividades enzimáticas foram classificadas como “Inalterada” (< 15%), “Alteração Identificada” (> 15% e < 50%), e “Substancialmente Alterada” (> 50%). A análise estatística revelou diferenças significativas nos perfis de MFO e AChE, que são fundamentais na determinação de perfis de resistência a inseticidas. Três populações foram classificadas como “Substancialmente Alteradas” para MFO. Os níveis alterados de atividade enzimática demonstram que essa mudança pode desempenhar um importante papel na resistência a inseticidas.

Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells from mouse bone marrow in the presence of conditioned medium of the facial nerve and fibroblast growth factor-2.

A number of evidences show the influence of the growth of injured nerve fibers in peripheral nervous system as well as potential implant stem cells (SCs). The SCs implementation in the clinical field is promising and the understanding of proliferation and differentiation is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the plasticity of mesenchymal SCs from bone marrow of mice in the presence of culture medium conditioned with facial nerve explants and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The growth and morphology were assessed for over 72 hours. Quantitative phenotypic analysis was taken from the immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), protein OX-42 (OX-42), protein associated with microtubule MAP-2 (MAP-2), protein ß-tubulin III (ß-tubulin III), neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), and neurofilament 200 (NF-200). Cells cultured with conditioned medium alone or combined with FGF-2 showed morphological features apparently similar at certain times to neurons and glia and a significant proliferative activity in groups 2 and 4. Cells cultivated only with conditioned medium acquired a glial phenotype. Cells cultured with FGF-2 and conditioned medium expressed GFAP, OX-42, MAP-2, ß-tubulin III, NeuN, and NF-200. This study improves our understanding of the plasticity of mesenchymal cells and allows the search for better techniques with SCs.

Panorama mundial da produção científica em câncer de lábio / Panorama mundial de la producción científica en cancer de labio / World overview of scientific production in lip cancer

Este trabalho objetivou realizar uma análise de dados de produções científicas globais referentes ao câncer de lábio, avaliando o interesse profissional pela doença e sua distribuição geográfica de acordo com as publicações realizadas em todo o mundo. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada por meio de busca eletrônica das produções científicas indexadas na base de dados PubMed e o descritor utilizado foi "cancer lip/squamous cell carcinoma". Analisaram-se 148 artigos publicados de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2011 e o levantamento ocorreu entre janeiro e maio de 2012. Dos 148 artigos, 27,0% tratavam do diagnóstico e tratamento da doença neoplásica dos lábios; 27,0% tinham como tema o tratamento cirúrgico e reconstrução labial; 19,6%, câncer de boca; 13,5% eram sobre estudos de histologia e patologia da doença pré-neoplásica; 7,4% eram relacionados à avaliação clínica e tratamento da queilite; e 5,4% versavam sobre histologia e patologia de câncer labial. A maioria das publicações, em termos de continente, é produzida pela Europa, porém, entre os países, o Brasil lidera com 18,2% das publicações. As revistas que mais publicam sobre o tema são as de oncologia e dermatologia. Sabendo que o câncer de lábio é uma patologia de preocupação global, demonstramos a necessidade da realização de estudos referentes ao tema, principalmente nos locais de maior prevalência da doença.

This study aimed to perform an analysis of global scientific data regarding lip cancer, evaluating the professional interest in the disease and its geographical distribution in accordance with the publications produced worldwide. A literature search was conducted through electronic search of scientific productions indexed in PubMed database and it was used the descriptor "cancer lip/squamous cell carcinoma". We analyzed 148 articles published from January 2006 December 2011 and the survey took place between January and May 2012. Of the 148 articles, 27.0% dealt with the diagnosis and treatment of lip cancer; 27.0%, labial surgery and reconstruction; 19.6%, oral cavity cancer; 13.5%, histology and pathology studies of pre-neoplastic disease; 7.4% were related to the clinical evaluation and treatment of actinic cheilitis; 5.4% referred histology and pathology of lip cancer. According to continent, most publications were produced in Europe, but, among countries, Brazil leads with 18.2% of publications. The magazines that most publish on the subject are those of oncology and dermatology. Knowing that lip cancer is a disease of global concern, we demonstrate the need for studies on the subject, especially in areas of higher disease prevalence.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo llevar a cabo un análisis de datos de publicaciones científicas globales relacionadas con el cáncer de labio, evaluando el interés profesional por la enfermedad y su distribución geográfica de acuerdo con las publicaciones realizadas en todo el mundo. Una búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó por medio de búsqueda electrónica de las producciones científicas indexadas en la base de datos PubMed y el descriptor utilizado fue "cancer lip/squamous cell carcinoma". Se analizaron 148 artículos publicados entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2011 y la recopilación se llevó a cabo entre enero y mayo de 2012. De los 148 artículos, 27,0% trataban del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad neoplásica de los labios; 27,0% tenían la temática del tratamiento quirúrgico y de reconstrucción de labios; 19.6%, cáncer de boca; 13.5% eran sobre estudios de histología y patología de la enfermedad pre-neoplásicas; 7,4% estaban relacionados con la evaluación y el tratamiento de la queilitis; y el 5,4% fue sobre la histología y patología del cáncer de labio. La mayoría de las publicaciones, en términos de continente, se produce en Europa, sin embargo, entre los países, Brasil es líder con el 18,2% de las publicaciones. Las revistas que publican más en este tema son las de oncología y dermatología. Ya que el cáncer de labio es una enfermedad de interés mundial, demostramos la necesidad de realización de estudios referentes al tema, principalmente en áreas de prevalencia de la enfermedad.

Spatial distribution of dengue disease in municipality of Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, using the Geographic Information System / Distribuicao espacial da dengue no municipio de Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando o Sistema de Informacao Geografica

The dengue viral infection is one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the world. The disease can manifest in a variety of forms, from asymptomatic to a condition of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The last reported cases in Brazil correspond to 80% of the cases reported in the Americas, which emphasizes the magnitude of the problem. This study was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of the disease in the urban area of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. In the period between 2001 and 2007, 867 new cases were listed. About 85.7% of the addresses were georeferenced, with a larger number of cases, 14.8%, in the neighborhoods of Santo Antônio and Santa Delmira (north region), and 11.7% in the neighborhoods of Conjunto Vingt-Rosado and Alto de São Manoel (east region). There were 18 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever associated with regions with the highest incidence of classic cases of the disease. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) proved a great benefit for better visualization of the endemic, especially in elucidating the actual distribution of dengue cases in the county and providing an effective tool for planning the monitoring of the disease at a local level.

A infecção viral pelo dengue compreende uma das doenças de transmissão vetorial mais importante do mundo. A doença pode apresentar uma manifestação variada, desde uma forma assintomática até quadros de Febre do Dengue Hemorrágico (FDH). Os últimos casos reportados no Brasil correspondem a 80% dos casos notificados nas Américas, o que enfatiza a magnitude do problema. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição espacial da doença na zona urbana do município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Foram arrolados 867 casos novos da doença no período de 2001 - 2007. Foram georrefenciados 85,7% dos endereços, apresentando um maior número de casos nos bairros do Santo Antônio e Santa Delmira (zona norte), com 14,8%, Conjunto Vingt-Rosado e Alto de São Manoel (zona leste), com 11,7%. Foram confirmados 18 casos de FHD associados às regiões com maior incidência de casos clássicos da doença. O uso do SIG revelou um grande benefício pela melhor visualização da endemia, sobretudo elucidando a distribuição real dos casos de dengue no município e propiciando um instrumento eficaz para o planejamento da vigilância em nível local.

Spatial distribution of dengue disease in municipality of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, using the Geographic Information System.

The dengue viral infection is one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the world. The disease can manifest in a variety of forms, from asymptomatic to a condition of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The last reported cases in Brazil correspond to 80% of the cases reported in the Americas, which emphasizes the magnitude of the problem. This study was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of the disease in the urban area of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. In the period between 2001 and 2007, 867 new cases were listed. About 85.7% of the addresses were georeferenced, with a larger number of cases, 14.8%, in the neighborhoods of Santo Antônio and Santa Delmira (north region), and 11.7% in the neighborhoods of Conjunto Vingt-Rosado and Alto de São Manoel (east region). There were 18 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever associated with regions with the highest incidence of classic cases of the disease. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) proved a great benefit for better visualization of the endemic, especially in elucidating the actual distribution of dengue cases in the county and providing an effective tool for planning the monitoring of the disease at a local level.