Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among prisoners of a major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil.

Introduction: Studies on human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection are scarce in incarcerated population. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among prisoners of the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil, comparing it with available data from other Brazilian regions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 910 prisoners of the major penitentiary complex in the State of Goiás, Central-West Brazil. All participants were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-HTLV-1/2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK). Seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results: The majority of participants were males (83.1%), between 25 and 39 years old (56.1%; mean age: 31.98 years), self-reported brown ethnicity (56.2%) and reported 9 years or less of formal education (41.4%). Most reported using non-injectable illicit drugs and various sexual behaviors that present risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.07-0.96), HTLV-1 (0.22%) and HTLV-2 (0.11%). The two HTLV-1 seropositive prisoners reported high-risk sexual behaviors, and the HTLV-2 seropositive individual was breastfed during childhood (> 6 months) by her mother and three other women. Conclusion: These data revealed a relatively low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in prisoners in Central-West Brazil, and evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 circulation in the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State. Given the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors, there is a crucial need to intensify education and health programs in prisons to effectively control and prevent HTLV-1/2 and other STIs.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil, an emerging vulnerable population.

Introduction: Migratory flows play a significant role in the spread of human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2). In the last decade, a substantial migration of individuals occurred from Haiti and Venezuela to Brazil. However, data on the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among these international migrants in Brazil are scarce. This study describes the prevalence of this infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 537 international migrants in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil. Participants were interviewed, and blood samples were collected. Serological screening for anti-HTLV-1/2 was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), and seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results: The majority of participants were males (54.4%), between 18 and 50 years old (78%; mean age: 29.1 years), self-declared black (55.1%), reported 1 to 12 years of formal education (70.9%), and were either Venezuelans (47.9%) or Haitians (39.7%). Additionally, 50.1% were immigrants, 49% were refugees, and five were Brazilian children (0.9%) born to Haitian immigrant parents. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.95% (95% CI: 0.31-2.28), with HTLV-1 at 0.19% and HTLV-2 at 0.76%. All seropositive individuals (n = 5) were refugees from Venezuela, resulting in a rate of 2.26% for anti-HTLV-1/2, HTLV-1 (0.45%) and HTLV-2 (1.81%) among Venezuelan refugees. Of the demographic and behavioral characteristics evaluated, unprotected sexual intercourse and having more than one sexual partner (≥2) in the previous 12 months were associated with HTLV-1/2 seropositivity among Venezuelans. Conclusion: This study revealed, despite the low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 among international migrants in Central Brazil, evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in Venezuelan refugees. In addition, their characteristics highlight that specific social and health programs should be implemented for these emergent and socially vulnerable migrant groups.

Avaliação de programas de controle de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde: perspectiva crítica da RDC N°48/2000 da ANVISA / Assessment of healthcare-associated infection control programs: a critical perspective of ANVISA's RDC Nº 48/2000 / Evaluación de los programas de control de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud: perspectiva crítica del RDC Nº 48/2000 de la ANVISA

Objetivo: avaliar criticamente Programas de Controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (PCIRAS) em hospitais de médio-extra portes, quanto ao cumprimento dos critérios sanitários nacionais. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em 18 hospitais com Comissões de Controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (CCIRAS) dos estados de Goiás e São Paulo, Brasil. Para coleta de dados aplicou-se formulário online fundamentado nos itens de avaliação preconizados pela Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) Nº 48/2000 - ANVISA. Para análise estatística utilizou-se exame da frequência e distribuição das variáveis (média e desvio padrão - DP). Resultados: as CCIRAS atenderam 100% dos itens imprescindíveis, 93,0% (DP = 5,8) dos necessários e 64,8% (DP = 32,5) dos recomendados. Os Serviços de Controle de IRAS atenderam 90,2% (DP = 16,1) dos itens necessários, e 77,8% (DP = 19,2) dos recomendáveis. Conclusão: itens imprescindíveis foram cumpridos, porém os necessários e recomendados apresentam diferentes graus de inconformidades, podendo comprometer a prevenção e controle de IRAS. A aplicação de roteiro baseado na RDC N° 48/2000 contribui para conhecer a realidade dos PCIRAS dos hospitais, contudo, essa normativa não estabelece percentual mínimo de conformidade, dificultando a interpretação dos resultados. Há necessidade de atualizá-la para instrumentalizar os órgãos fiscalizadores.

Objective: to critically evaluate Healthcare-Associated Infection Control Programs (HAICP) in medium to extra-large hospitals, as to compliance with national health criteria. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in 18 hospitals with Healthcare-Associated Infection Control Committees (HAICC) in the states of Goiás and São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected using online form based on the evaluation items from Directors' Collegiate Resolution (RDC) Nº 48/2000 ­ ANVISA. For statistical analysis, frequency, and distribution of variables (mean; standard deviation - SD) were examined. Results:HAICC met 100% of the indispensable items, 93.0% (SD = 5.8) of the required, and 64.8% (SD = 32.5) of the recommended. Healthcare-Associated Infection Control Services complied with 90.2% (SD = 16.1) of the necessary items, and 77.8% (SD = 19.2) of those recommended. Conclusion: indispensable items were met, but the necessary and recommended ones present different degrees of noncompliance, which may compromise the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. The application of a script based on the RDC Nº 48/2000 contributes to identify the reality of the hospitals' HAICP, however, this normative does not establish a minimum percentage of compliance, making it difficult to interpret the results. It is necessary to update it in order to provide tools to surveillance agencies.

Objetivo: evaluar críticamente los Programas de Control de Infecciones Relacionadas con la Atención de Salud (PCIRAA) en hospitales medianos y grandes para determinar si cumplen con los criterios nacionales de salud. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en 18 hospitales con Comisiones de Control de las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de Salud (CCIAAS) en los estados de Goiás y São Paulo, Brasil. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un formulario online, desarrollado con base en los ítems de evaluación recomendados por la Resolución Directiva Colegiada (RDC) Nº 48/2000 de la ANVISA. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el examen de la frecuencia y distribución de las variables (media y desvío estándar - DE). Resultados:las CCIAAS cumplieron en promedio el 100% de los ítems indispensables, el 93,0% (DE = 5,8) de los necesarios y el 64,8% (DE = 32,5) de los recomendados. Los Servicios de Control de las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de Salud cumplieron en promedio el 90,2% (DE = 16,1) de los ítems necesarios y el 77,8% (DE = 19,2) de los recomendados. Conclusión: se cumplieron los ítems imprescindibles, pero los necesarios y los recomendados presentan diferentes grados de disconformidad, que pueden comprometer la prevención y el control de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud. La aplicación de la rutina basada en la RDC Nº 48/2000 contribuyó a conocer la realidad de los PCIRAA en los hospitales, pero esta normativa no establece un porcentaje mínimo de conformidad, lo que dificulta la interpretación de los resultados. Se hace necesario actualizarla para dotar de herramientas a los organismos supervisores

Epidemiological and Molecular Characteristics of HIV-1 Infection in a Sample of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Brazil: Phylogeography of Major Subtype B and F1 Transmission Clusters.

This study describes human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) prevalence, associated factors, viral genetic diversity, transmitted drug resistance (TDR), and acquired drug resistance mutations (DRM) among a population of 522 men who have sex with men (MSM) recruited by the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method, in Goiânia city, the capital of the State of Goiás, Central-Western Brazil. All serum samples were tested using a four-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reactive samples were confirmed by immunoblotting. Plasma RNA or proviral DNA was extracted, and partial polymerase (pol) gene including the protease/reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) region was amplified and sequenced. HIV-1 subtypes were identified by phylogenetic inference and by bootscan analysis. The time and location of the ancestral strains that originated the transmission clusters were estimated by a Bayesian phylogeographic approach. TDR and DRM were identified using the Stanford databases. Overall, HIV-1 prevalence was 17.6% (95% CI: 12.6-23.5). Self-declared black skin color, receptive anal intercourse, sex with drug user partner, and history of sexually transmitted infections were factors associated with HIV-1 infection. Of 105 HIV-1-positive samples, 78 (74.3%) were sequenced and subtyped as B (65.4%), F1 (20.5%), C (3.8%), and BF1 (10.3%). Most HIV-1 subtype B sequences (67%; 34 out of 51) branched within 12 monophyletic clusters of variable sizes, which probably arose in the State of Goiás between the 1980s and 2010s. Most subtype F1 sequences (n = 14, 88%) branched in a single monophyletic cluster that probably arose in Goiás around the late 1990s. Among 78 samples sequenced, three were from patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART); two presented DRM. Among 75 ART-naïve patients, TDR was identified in 13 (17.3%; CI 95%: 9.6-27.8). Resistance mutations to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) predominated (14.7%), followed by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations (5.3%) and protease inhibitor (PI) mutations (1.3%). This study shows a high prevalence of HIV-1 associated with sexual risk behaviors, high rate of TDR, and high genetic diversity driven by the local expansion of different subtype B and F1 strains. These findings can contribute to the understanding about the dissemination and epidemiological and molecular characteristics of HIV-1 among the population of MSM living away from the epicenter of epidemics in Brazil.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among recyclable waste collectors in Central-West Brazil.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a population of recyclable waste collectors (n = 431) was assessed using a cross-sectional survey in all 15 cooperatives in the city of Goiânia, Central-West Brazil. The HCV prevalence was 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.6-3.6) and a history of sexually transmitted infections was independently associated with this infection. HCV RNA (corresponding to genotype 1; subtypes 1a and 1b) was detected in five/seven anti-HCV-positive samples. Although the study population reported a high rate (47.3%) of sharps and needle accidents, HCV infection was not more frequent in recyclable waste collectors than in the general Brazilian population.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among recyclable waste collectors in Central-West Brazil

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a population of recyclable waste collectors (n = 431) was assessed using a cross-sectional survey in all 15 cooperatives in the city of Goiânia, Central-West Brazil. The HCV prevalence was 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.6-3.6) and a history of sexually transmitted infections was independently associated with this infection. HCV RNA (corresponding to genotype 1; subtypes 1a and 1b) was detected in five/seven anti-HCV-positive samples. Although the study population reported a high rate (47.3%) of sharps and needle accidents, HCV infection was not more frequent in recyclable waste collectors than in the general Brazilian population. .

Ações de educação em saúde no combate ao tabagismo: relato de experiência / Acciones de educación en salud en el combate al tabaquismo: relato de experiencia / Health education actions in the fight against smoking: report of experience

O tabagismo é uma doença crônica causada pela dependência de nicotina e está diretamente relacionado a alta morbimortalidade, por comprometer a saúde física e mental de indivíduos e comunidades. Este trabalho objetivou relatar a experiência de estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem no desenvolvimento da campanha contra o tabagismo na disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado em Enfermagem I no campus avançado de Firminópolis-GO. O estágio ocorre no último ano do curso de graduação na modalidade de internato rural multidisciplinar, com duração de um mês. Ao iniciar as atividades realizou-se um planejamento operacional, no qual foram destacadas atividades relacionadas ao tabagismo. As estratégias utilizadas consistiram na sensibilização da clientela acerca da prevenção ao uso de tabaco e dos danos que este provoca. As atividades de promoção da saúde e prevenção de danos e agravos relacionados ao tabagismo consistiram em ações de educação em saúde para estudantes de escolas públicas, na capacitação de agentes comunitários de saúde para o combate ao tabagismo, na divulgação do dia 31 de maio (Dia Mundial Sem Tabaco) e na participação dos acadêmicos em programas de rádios comunitárias. Considera-se que as ações desenvolvidas foram de extrema relevância para o cuidado desenvolvido na atenção primária, visto que as estratégias aplicadas atingiram efetivamente diferentes públicos.

Smoking is a chronic disease caused by addiction to nicotine. It is directly related to high mortality, because it compromises physical and mental health of individuals and communities. This study aimed to report the experience of undergraduate nursing students in developing the campaign against smoking at the discipline supervised training course in Nursing I at the Firminópolis-GO campus. The supervised training is carried out for a month, in the last year of the undergraduate course in the form of multidisciplinary rural internship. In the beginning of the activities an operational planning took place, in which the activities related to smoking were highlighted. The strategies consisted of awareness on prevention and damage caused by tobacco. The activities of health promotion and prevention of injuries and diseases related to smoking consisted of action in health education directed to students from public schools, training of Community Health Agents to fight against tobacco use on May 31 - World No Tobacco Day- and participation of the university students in community radio programs. It is considered that the actions taken were of extreme importance in the care provided in primary care, given that the applied strategies effectively reached different audiences.

El tabaquismo es una enfermedad crónica causada por la dependencia a la nicotina y está directamente relacionado con alta mortalidad, por perjudicar la salud física y mental de los individuos y comunidades. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo relatar la experiencia de estudiantes universitarios de Enfermería en el desarrollo de la campaña contra el tabaquismo en la disciplina de Prácticas Supervisada en Enfermería I en el campus avanzado de Firminópolis-GO. Las prácticas ocurren en el último año del curso superior en la modalidad de internado rural multidisciplinario, con duración de un mes. Al iniciar las actividades se realizó una planificación operacional, en la cual fueron destacadas actividades relacionadas con el tabaquismo. Las estrategias utilizadas consistieron en la sensibilización de los clientes acerca de la prevención y de los daños causados por el tabaco. Las actividades de promoción de la salud y prevención de daños y agravios relacionados al tabaquismo consintieron en acciones de educación en salud para estudiantes de escuelas públicas, en la capacitación de agentes comunitarios de salud para el combate al tabaquismo, en la divulgación del día 31 de mayo (Día Mundial Sin Tabaco) y en la participación de los académicos en programas de radios comunitarios. Se considera que las acciones desarrolladas fueron de extrema importancia en la atención primaria, teniendo en vista que las estrategias aplicadas alcanzaron efectivamente diferentes públicos.