RESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrheal disease in children worldwide after rotavirus and is estimated to be responsible for 17% of acute diarrhea in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify and report NoV genotypes in Mozambican children under the age of five years with acute diarrhea. Between May 2014 and December 2015, stool specimens were collected within the Mozambique Diarrhea National Surveillance (ViNaDia) and tested for NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nucleotide sequences were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA X. A total of 204 stool specimens were tested for NoV. The detection rate of NoV was 14.2% (29/204). The presence of NoV was confirmed, by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), in 24/29 (82.8%) specimens, and NoV GII predominated (70.8%; 17/24). NoV GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] was the predominant genotype/P-type combination detected (30.4%; 7/23). This is the first study which highlights the high genetic diversity of NoV in Mozambican children and the need to establish a continuous NoV surveillance system.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae , Gastroenterite , Norovirus , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Fezes , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Norovirus/genética , Filogenia , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/genéticaRESUMO
The global polio eradication initiative (gpei) has made steady progress toward the eradication target since its inception in 1988 [1]. the number of paralytic cases due to wild poliovirus has declined worldwide by >99.9%, and 2 of the 3 wild poliovirus serotypes have been declared eradicated by an independent global certification commission: serotype 2 in 2015 and serotype 3 in 2019 [2, 3]. the gpei has implemented the endgame strategic plan 20132018 to accelerate the eradication of wild poliovirus type 1 from its last endemic zones in pakistan and afghanistan. [4]. in addition, the plan called for the sequential removal of the sabin strains from the oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) and the concomitant addition of ≥1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) in routine national immunization programs. the removal was needed because the continuing use of live viral vaccines is incompatible with eradication, since these viruses can mutate and recombine, thus reacquiring the neurovirulence and transmission characteristics of wild poliovirus [5]. the burden of paralytic disease caused by vaccine-related polioviruses would not be accepted as the world approaches eradication of wild poliovirus. for example, sabin type 2 was responsible for approximately 40% of the vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis burden and caused 91% of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv) cases between 2000 and 2016...
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Poliomielite , Poliovirus , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado , Vacina Antipólio Oral , Programas de Imunização , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV2) stockpile is low. One potential strategy to stretch the existing mOPV2 supply is to administer a reduced dose: 1 drop instead of 2. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label, noninferiority trial (10% margin) to compared immunogenicity after administration of 1 versus 2 drops of mOPV2. We enrolled 9-22-month-old infants from Mocuba district of Mozambique. Poliovirus neutralizing antibodies were measured in serum samples collected before and 1 month after mOPV2 administration. Immune response was defined as seroconversion from seronegative (<1:8) at baseline to seropositive (≥1:8) after vaccination or boosting titers by ≥4-fold for those with titers between 1:8 and 1:362 at baseline. The trial was registered at anzctr.org.au (no. ACTRN12619000184178p). RESULTS: We enrolled 378 children, and 262 (69%) completed per-protocol requirements. The immune response of mOPV2 was 53.6% (95% confidence interval, 44.9%-62.1%) and 60.6% (52.2%-68.4%) in 1-drop and 2-drop recipients, respectively. The noninferiority margin of the 10% was not reached (difference, 7.0%; 95% confidence interval, -5.0% to 19.0%). CONCLUSION: A small loss of immunogenicity of reduced mOPV2 was observed. Although the noninferiority target was not achieved, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommended the 1-drop strategy as a dose-sparing measure if mOPV2 supplies deteriorate further.
Assuntos
Poliomielite , Poliovirus , Anticorpos Antivirais , Criança , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Lactente , Moçambique , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado , Vacina Antipólio OralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Mozambique, infection by intestinal parasites is reported all over the country. However, infection in children with diarrhoea is mostly focused in the southern region of Mozambique. This work aims to determine the frequency and potential risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica in children under-five years hospitalized with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula, northern Mozambique. METHODS: A cross-sectional hospital-based surveillance was conducted between March 2015 and January 2018 in children admitted with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula. Sociodemographic information was obtained through semi-structured interviews applied to the children's caregivers. A single stool sample was collected from each child to detect antigens from Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia, and E. histolytica using an immune-enzymatic technique. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (with 95% Confidence Intervals) were obtained by logistic regression models to identify factors associated with infection by Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia. RESULTS: The median age and interquartile intervals of our sample population was 12 months (8-20). Intestinal protozoa were detected in 21.4% (59/276). Cryptosporidium spp. was the most common protozoa (13.9% - 38/274), followed by G. lamblia (9.1% - 25/274) and E. histolytica (0.4% - 1/275). Children with illiterate caregiver's (p-value = 0.042) and undernourished (p-value = 0.011) were more likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium spp. G. lamblia was more common in children living in households with more than four members (p-value = 0.039). E. histolytica was detected in an eleven month's child, co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and undernourished. CONCLUSION: Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia were the most common pathogenic intestinal protozoa detected in children with diarrhoea hospitalized in the Hospital Central de Nampula. Our findings obtained highlight the importance of exploring the caregiver's education level, children's nutritional status for infections with Cryptosporidium spp., and living conditions, namely crowded households for infections with G. lamblia in children younger than five years.
Assuntos
Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Estudos Transversais , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Background: In Mozambique, infection by intestinal parasites is reported all over the country. However, infection in children with diarrhoea is mostly focused in the southern region of Mozambique. This work aims to determine the frequency and potential risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica in children under-five years hospitalized with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula, northern Mozambique. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based surveillance was conducted between March 2015 and January 2018 in children admitted with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula. Sociodemographic information was obtained through semi-structured interviews applied to the children's caregivers. A single stool sample was collected from each child to detect antigens from Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia, and E. histolytica using an immune-enzymatic technique. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (with 95% Confidence Intervals) were obtained by logistic regression models to identify factors associated with infection by Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia. Results: The median age and interquartile intervals of our sample population was 12 months (8-20). Intestinal protozoa were detected in 21.4% (59/276). Cryptosporidium spp. was the most common protozoa (13.9% - 38/274), followed by G. lamblia (9.1% - 25/274) and E. histolytica (0.4% - 1/275). Children with illiterate caregiver's (p-value = 0.042) and undernourished (p-value = 0.011) were more likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium spp. G. lamblia was more common in children living in households with more than four members (p-value = 0.039). E. histolytica was detected in an eleven month's child, co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and undernourished. Conclusion: Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia were the most common pathogenic intestinal protozoa detected in children with diarrhoea hospitalized in the Hospital Central de Nampula. Our findings obtained highlight the importance of exploring the caregiver's education level, children's nutritional status for infections with Cryptosporidium spp., and living conditions, namely crowded households for infections with G. lamblia in children younger than five years.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Áreas de Pobreza , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fezes/parasitologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Hospitalização , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Moçambique/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In Mozambique, infection by intestinal parasites is reported all over the country. However, infection in children with diarrhoea is mostly focused in the southern region of Mozambique. This work aims to determine the frequency and potential risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica in children under-five years hospitalized with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula, northern Mozambique....
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Parasitárias/imunologia , Infecções por Protozoários , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Criança , Diarreia/complicações , Infecções/complicações , Moçambique/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica can cause severe diarrhea, especially among children in developing countries. This study aims to determine the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in children with diarrhea and identify risk factors for infection. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0-168 months hospitalized with diarrhea in three regions of Mozambique, from June 2014 to January 2018. Following consent, caretakers were interviewed and a single stool specimen was collected from each child to diagnose Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia and E. histolytica using commercial immune-enzymatic assay (TechLab, Inc, Blacksburg, VA, USA). Anthropometric data were collected from the clinical reports. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia infection. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of all specimens (212/1008) presented at least one parasitic infection. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was the most common 12.0% (118/985), followed by G. lamblia 9.7% (95/983) and E. histolytica 2.0% (20/1004). Risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp. were: provenience (children from Nampula province showed the highest risk, OR: 8.176; CI: 1.916-34.894; p-value < 0.01); animal contact (children with animal contact had a protective effect OR: 0.627; CI: 0.398-0.986; p-value < 0.05); underweight (children severely underweight showed a risk of 2.309; CI: 1.310-4.069; p-value < 0.05). Risk factors for infection by G. lamblia were: age (group with highest risk, 60-168 months (OR: 2.322; CI: 1.000-5.393, p-value > 0.05)); and living in a household with five or more members (OR: 2.141; CI: 1.286-3.565, p-value < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Parasitic infection is common among children with diarrhea. Routine testing, standard treatment, and assessment for risk exposure of children with diarrhea should be implemented at health facilities in Mozambique.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Entamebíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Análise Multivariada , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Intestinal parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica can cause severe diarrhea, especially among children in developing countries. This study aims to determine the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in children with diarrhea and identify risk factors for infection. Methodology We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0168 months hospitalized with diarrhea in three regions of Mozambique, from June 2014 to January 2018. Following consent, caretakers were interviewed and a single stool specimen was collected from each child to diagnose Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia and E. histolytica using commercial immuneenzymatic assay (TechLab, Inc, Blacksburg, VA, USA). Anthropometric data were collected from the clinical reports. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia infection. Results Twenty-one percent of all specimens (212/1008) presented at least one parasitic infection. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was the most common 12.0% (118/985), followed by G. lamblia 9.7% (95/983) and E. histolytica 2.0% (20/1004). Risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp. were: provenience (children from Nampula province showed the highest risk, OR: 8.176; CI: 1.91634.894; p-value < 0.01); animal contact (children with animal contactinstitute for global health sciences, university of california san francisco, san francisco, california, united states of America had a protective effect OR: 0.627; CI: 0.3980.986; p-value < 0.05); underweight (children severely underweight showed a risk of 2.309; CI: 1.3104.069; p-value < 0.05). Risk factors for infection by G. lamblia were: age (group with highest risk, 60168 months (OR: 2.322; CI: 1.0005.393, p-value > 0.05)); and living in a household with five or more members (OR: 2.141; CI: 1.2863.565, p-value < 0.01).
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Adolescente , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Entamebíase/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Análise Multivariada , Fatores de Risco , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Moçambique/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to understand the structure and dynamics of families in the late stage of the life cycle that have a member with intellectual disability. METHOD: qualitative research using the Calgary Family Assessment Model as methodological framework. The study had 38 participants, distributed into 10 families that had a member with intellectual disability and whose parents were elderly. The interviews were analyzed with content analysis technique. RESULTS: the following analytical categories were evidenced: "living with intellectual disability", "communication as a strategy for encounter", "family isolation and the need for support" and "concerns about care in the future". CONCLUSION: families in the late life cycle who had a member with intellectual disability are arranged in a structure that overloads a single caregiver (mother), has little support network, uses communication as an instrument for understanding themselves and the other, besides having difficulties in projecting the future.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Família/psicologia , Deficiência Intelectual/complicações , Idoso , Relações Familiares/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Masculino , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the structure and dynamics of families in the late stage of the life cycle that have a member with intellectual disability. Method: qualitative research using the Calgary Family Assessment Model as methodological framework. The study had 38 participants, distributed into 10 families that had a member with intellectual disability and whose parents were elderly. The interviews were analyzed with content analysis technique. Results: the following analytical categories were evidenced: "living with intellectual disability", "communication as a strategy for encounter", "family isolation and the need for support" and "concerns about care in the future". Conclusion: families in the late life cycle who had a member with intellectual disability are arranged in a structure that overloads a single caregiver (mother), has little support network, uses communication as an instrument for understanding themselves and the other, besides having difficulties in projecting the future.
RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la estructura y la dinámica de familias en la etapa tardía del ciclo vital que tienen un integrante con discapacidad intelectual. Método: investigación cualitativa que utiliza el Modelo Calgary de Evaluación Familiar (MCEF) como referencial metodológico. Participaron 38 individuos, distribuidos en 10 familias que tienen un integrante con discapacidad intelectual y cuyos padres eran adultos mayores. Se analizaron las entrevistas mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: se destacaron las siguientes categorías analíticas: "Conviviendo con la discapacidad intelectual", "Comunicación como estrategia de encuentro", "Aislamiento familiar y la necesidad de apoyo" y "Preocupaciones con el cuidado en el futuro". Consideraciones finales: las familias en el ciclo tardío de vida que tienen un integrante con discapacidad intelectual se estructuran con una sobrecarga a una sola cuidadora (la madre), cuentan con poca red de apoyo, utilizan la comunicación como un instrumento de entendimiento de sí misma y del otro, además de enfrentarse a dificultades para hacer planes para el futuro.
RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer a estrutura e a dinâmica de famílias no estágio tardio do ciclo vital que possuam um integrante com deficiência intelectual (PCDI). Método: pesquisa qualitativa com uso do Modelo Calgary de Avaliação Familiar (MCAF) como referencial metodológico. Participaram 38 sujeitos, distribuídos em dez famílias que possuíam um integrante com deficiência intelectual e cujos pais eram idosos. As entrevistas foram analisadas com a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: evidenciaram-se as seguintes categorias analíticas: "convivendo com a deficiência intelectual", "comunicação como estratégia de encontro", "isolamento familiar e a necessidade de apoio" e "preocupações com o cuidado no futuro". Considerações finais: as famílias no ciclo tardio da vida que possuíam um integrante com deficiência intelectual se estruturavam de modo a sobrecarregar uma única cuidadora (mãe), possuíam pouca rede de apoio, usavam a comunicação como um instrumento de compreensão de si e do outro, além de terem dificuldades de projeção para o futuro.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Família/psicologia , Deficiência Intelectual/complicações , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Relações Familiares/psicologia , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologiaRESUMO
Norovirus (NoV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrheal disease in children worldwide after rotavirus and is estimated to be responsible for 17% of acute diarrhea in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify and report NoV genotypes in Mozambican children under the age of five years with acute diarrhea. Between May 2014 and December 2015, stool specimens were collected within the Mozambique Diarrhea National Surveillance (ViNaDia) and tested for NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nucleotide sequences were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA X. A total of 204 stool specimens were tested for NoV. The detection rate of NoV was 14.2% (29/204). The presence of NoV was confirmed, by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), in 24/29 (82.8%) specimens, and NoV GII predominated (70.8%; 17/24). NoV GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] was the predominant genotype/P-type combination detected (30.4%; 7/23). This is the first study which highlights the high genetic diversity of NoV in Mozambican children and the need to establish a continuous NoV surveillance system.