Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: History and scenario of patient blood management in the world and in Brazil.

Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a multidimensional approach that seeks to optimize the use of blood and its components in patients. This matter emerged as a response to the need to reduce unnecessary exposure to blood transfusions and their potential risks. In the past, blood transfusion was often overused resulting in complications and high costs. The advent of Patient Blood Management has caused a paradigm shift, highlighting anemia prevention, bleeding control and maximizing the production of blood cells by the organism itself. Patient Blood Management guidelines include the early identification of anemia, strategies to minimize blood loss during surgery, intraoperative blood conservation techniques, preoperative hemoglobin optimization and evidence-based approaches to the rational use of blood transfusions. Aiming to improve clinical outcomes, decrease transfusion-related complications and reduce associated costs, this multidisciplinary approach counts on doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. Based on research and clinical evidence, Patient Blood Management continues to evolve thereby promoting safer, more effective patient-centered practices. Its implementation has proven beneficial in various medical contexts thereby contributing to improvements in the quality of care provided to patients. Our goal with this Consensus is to present readers with a broad and diverse view of Patient Blood Management so that they have the building blocks to implement this new technique.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: History and scenario of patient blood management in the world and in Brazil

Abstract Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a multidimensional approach that seeks to optimize the use of blood and its components in patients. This matter emerged as a response to the need to reduce unnecessary exposure to blood transfusions and their potential risks. In the past, blood transfusion was often overused resulting in complications and high costs. The advent of Patient Blood Management has caused a paradigm shift, highlighting anemia prevention, bleeding control and maximizing the production of blood cells by the organism itself. Patient Blood Management guidelines include the early identification of anemia, strategies to minimize blood loss during surgery, intraoperative blood conservation techniques, preoperative hemoglobin optimization and evidence-based approaches to the rational use of blood transfusions. Aiming to improve clinical outcomes, decrease transfusion-related complications and reduce associated costs, this multidisciplinary approach counts on doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. Based on research and clinical evidence, Patient Blood Management continues to evolve thereby promoting safer, more effective patient-centered practices. Its implementation has proven beneficial in various medical contexts thereby contributing to improvements in the quality of care provided to patients. Our goal with this Consensus is to present readers with a broad and diverse view of Patient Blood Management so that they have the building blocks to implement this new technique.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: Definition of Patient Blood Management

Abstract Managing the patient's blood and hematopoietic system is like managing any of the other organs and organ systems during patient care. Specialists control the heart, kidneys, endocrine system, etc. and the patient's blood requires similar clinical treatment. The hematopoietic system and its circulatory products are fundamental for the healthy functioning of the human body. In simple terms, Patient Blood Management (PBM) is an organized, patient-centered approach in which the entire healthcare team coordinates efforts to improve outcomes by managing and preserving the patient's own blood. By reducing dependence on blood transfusions, PBM seeks to improve clinical outcomes, reduce the risks and costs associated with transfusions, and improve the safety and quality of patient care. Essentially, the concept of PBM is about the holistic management and preservation of the patient's own blood in the medical and surgical context.

Implementation of a patient blood management program based on a low-income country-adapted clinical decision support system

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patient blood management (PBM) programs are associated with better patient outcomes, a reduced number of transfusions and cost-savings The Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems are valuable tools in this process, but their availability is limited in developing countries This study assesses the feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted CDS system for low-income countries. Methods: This was a prospective study of the PBM program implementation, in a 200-bed tertiary hospital, between February 2019 and May 2020. Outcome measures were red blood cell (RBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelet unit transfusions, the transfusion of a single unit of red blood cells and an RBC adequacy index (RAI). Results: Comparing the post-PBM program era with the pre-PBM system era, there was a decrease in red blood cell transfusions (p = 0.05), with an increase in single unit red blood cell transfusions (p = 0.005) and RAI (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The PBM programs, including electronic transfusion guidelines with pre-transfusion medical auditing, was associated with improved transfusion practices and reduced product acquisition-related costs.

Sugarcane yield and quality using soil magnetic susceptibility

The concept of production environments, which is widely used to classify the yield potential of soils, and magnetic susceptibility (MS), is emerging as an important tool for mapping ultra-detailed areas. Given this background, this paper aims to evaluate the use of MS as a tool for the identification of areas with different potential the enhancing of sugarcane yield and quality, and the allocation of varieties. An area of 445 ha was sampled at 1 point every 7 ha, and 14 points were determined for stratified sampling following the top of the landscape. Particle size and MS of samples at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m were analyzed. The data on yield and quality of raw material were obtained from a nine crop season database and biometry performed in the 2018/19 crop season. The multivariate analysis of historical results showed the formation of three groups with different yield and quality potential, with a difference of up to 17.28 mg of cane per hectare between the group with the highest and lowest potential, based on soil MS. An analysis of the performance of the varieties involved showed that MS is effective in identifying areas with different potential for sugarcane yield and quality, differentiating by up to 34.5 % the performance of the same variety in different MS classes and by up to 38.5 % the performance of different varieties in similar MS classes. Thus, MS is an effective tool for identifying areas with different potential for sugarcane yield and quality, and can be used for allocating varieties in the field.

Polylactic acid production from biotechnological routes: A review.

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been highlighted as an important polymer due to its high potential for applicability in various areas, such as in the chemical, medical, pharmaceutical or biotechnology field. Very recently, studies have reported its use as a basic component for the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) required for the prevention of Sars-Cov-2 contamination, responsible for the cause of coronavirus disease, which is currently a major worldwide sanitary and social problem. PLA is considered a non-toxic, biodegradable and compostable plastic with interesting characteristics from the industrial point of view, and it emerges as a promising product under the concept of "green plastic", since most of the polymers produced currently are petroleum-based, a non-renewable raw material. Biotechnology routes have been mentioned as potential methodologies for the production of this polymer, especially by enzymatic routes, in particular by use of lipases enzymes. The availability of pure lactic acid isomers is a fundamental aspect of the manufacture of PLA with more interesting mechanical and thermal properties. Due to the technological importance that PLA-based polymers are acquiring, as well as their characteristics and applicability in several fields, especially medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology, this review article sought to gather very recent information regarding the development of research in this area. The main highlight of this study is that it was carried out from a biotechnological point of view, aiming at a totally green bioplastic production, since the obtaining of lactic acid, which will be used as raw material for the PLA synthesis, until the degradation of the polymer obtained by biological routes.

Development of a purification process via crystallization of xylitol produced for bioprocess using a hemicellulosic hydrolysate from the cashew apple bagasse as feedstock.

Xylitol was biotechnologically produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC36907 using the hemicellulosic hydrolysate of the cashew apple bagasse (CABHH). Sequentially, the present study investigated the recovery and purification of xylitol evaluating different antisolvents [ethanol, isopropanol and the ionic liquid 2-hydroxyl-ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA)], their proportion in the medium (10-90% v/v), and their cooling rate (VC 0.25-0.50 °C/min). These processes were contrasted with the crystallization process of commercial xylitol. This study is the first to assess xylitol crystallization using a protic ionic liquid. The hydrolysate obtained from a mild treatment with sulfuric acid contained mainly glucose and xylose at concentrations of 15.7 g/L and 11.9 g/L, respectively. With this bioprocess, a maximum xylitol production of 4.5 g/L was achieved. The performance of the investigated antisolvents was similar in all conditions evaluated in the crystallization process of the commercial xylitol, with no significant difference in yields. For the crystallization processes of the produced xylitol, the best conditions were: 50% (v/v) isopropanol as antisolvent, cooling rate of 0.5 °C/min, with a secondary nucleation of yield and purity of 69.7% and 84.8%, respectively. Under the same linear cooling rate, using ethanol, isopropanol or the protic ionic liquid 2-hydroxyl-ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA), crystallization did not occur, probably due to the presence of carbohydrates not metabolized by the yeast in the broth, which influences the solubility curve of xylitol. With the results of this work, a possible economical and environmentally friendly process of recovery and purification of xylitol from CABHH could be proposed.

Cost of chronic red blood cell transfusion in the Brazilian private healthcare sector from a payer perspective / Custo de transfusão crônica de concentrado de hemácias na perspectiva do sistema de saúde suplementar brasileiro

Objective: In the private healthcare sector in Brazil, the dearth of information regarding transfusion cost may compromise the management of conditions requiring long-term transfusion. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate the cost of chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in this context. Methods: A payer perspective was chosen for the analysis. A survey performed by an expert advisory board gathered information on the amounts reimbursed by health plans to blood centers per outpatient transfusion of a single RBC bag in multitransfused patients. Survey results were contrasted to RBC transfusion cost calculated using Brazilian Hierarchical Classification of Medical Procedures (CBHPM) parameters from 2018 and 2010, the latter suggested by the advisory board as more accurately reflecting market prices. Results: Six blood centers in the South and Southeast of Brazil were surveyed. The median amount reimbursed per RBC unit was R$ 1,066.44 (interquartile range: R$ 665.00-1,252.00). The mean amount reimbursed was R$ 959.54 ± R$ 337.14 (minimum: R$ 295.00 ­ maximum: R$ 1,980.00). Using 2018 CBHPM parameters, the cost of transfusing one RBC unit was calculated as R$ 1,905.18. Using 2010 CBHPM parameters, the cost was R$ 1,119.69 per RBC unit. Conclusions: Analyses using 2018 CBHPM parameters may lead to overestimation of transfusion cost. The best estimate for outpatient transfusion of one RBC bag in the private health care sector in Brazil lies between the observed reimbursed values and 2010 CBHPM cost. The present results provide valuable information for future cost-effectiveness analyses focusing on disorders whose treatment involves routine RBC transfusion.

A carência de informações sobre custo de transfusão sanguínea na saúde suplementar brasileira pode comprometer análises econômicas e eventuais decisões relacionadas a esse procedimento no longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o custo de transfusão crônica de concentrado de hemácias (CH) nesse contexto. Métodos: Foi escolhida a perspectiva do pagador. Uma pesquisa foi realizada com especialistas para levantamento de valores reembolsados para transfusão de uma bolsa de CH em pacientes politransfundidos. Os resultados da pesquisa foram comparados ao custo de transfusão de CH calculado utilizando a Classificação Brasileira Hierarquizada de Procedimentos Médicos (CBHPM), edições de 2018 e 2010, sendo a edição mais antiga sugerida pelos especialistas como estando mais de acordo com a realidade de mercado. Resultados: Seis hemocentros localizados no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil foram incluídos. Os valores mediano e médio reembolsados aos hemocentros foram R$ 1.066,44 (amplitude interquartil: R$ 665,00-1.252,00) e R$ 959,54 ± R$ 337,14 (mínimo: R$ 295,00 ­ máximo: R$ 1.980,00), respectivamente. Com base nos parâmetros da CBHPM 2018 e 2010, os custos de transfusão calculados para uma bolsa de CH foram R$ 1.905,18 e R$ 1.119,69, respectivamente. Conclusões: Análises utilizando parâmetros da CBHPM 2018 podem superestimar os custos de transfusão de CH. Na perspectiva do sistema de saúde suplementar brasileiro, a melhor estimativa de custo de transfusão por bolsa de CH está entre o valor reembolsado e o valor calculado utilizando a CBHPM 2010. O presente estudo apresenta informações importantes para futuras análises de custo-efetividade de patologias que envolvem tratamentos à base de politransfusão de CH.

Color parameters applied to pedotransfer functions in the estimation of soil attributes / Parâmetros da cor aplicados a funções de pedotransferência na estimativa de atributos do solo

Global demands for an increased food production have prompted scientists to create technological innovations in various segments of the agricultural and environmental sectors. The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in soil color determination to estimate its attributes is an example of these advances. Thus, the aim of this research was to identify the potential of the three parameters of the Munsell color system (Hue, Value, and Chroma) in estimating different chemical and particle size attributes by pedotransfer functions in a Typic Hapludox in the Cerrado of Piauí State, Brazil. This soil showed a yellowish color due to the goethite and low contents of bases and organic carbon. Among the calibrated pedotransfer functions, we observed that phosphorus, aluminum, hydrogen, potential acidity, potential cation exchange capacity, and base saturation could be estimated by Hue, while clay content by Value, and Chroma used to estimate hydrogen, potential acidity, and cation exchange capacity. We conclude that the parameter color could be used to estimate soil attributes.(AU)

As demandas mundiais por aumento na produção de alimentos vêm instigando os cientistas a criarem inovações tecnológicas em vários segmentos dos setores agrícolas e ambientais. O uso da espectroscopia de reflectância difusa na determinação da cor do solo para a estimativa de seus atributos é um exemplo destes avanços. Assim, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa identificar o potencial dos três parâmetros do sistema Munsell de cores (Matiz, Valor e Croma) em estimar diferentes atributos químicos e granulométricos por funções de pedotransferência, em LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico no Cerrado do Estado do Piauí, Brasil. O solo apresentou coloração amarelada, como reflexo da goethita e também baixos teores de bases e carbono orgânico. Dentre as funções de pedotransferência calibradas, observamos que fósforo, alumínio, hidrogênio, acidez potencial, capacidade de troca catiônica potencial e saturação por bases podem ser estimada pela matiz, enquanto o teor de argila pode ser estimada pelo valor e o croma pode ser usado para estimar também hidrogênio, acidez potencial e capacidade de troca catiônica. Concluímos que é possível usar a cor para estimar atributos do solo.(AU)

Color parameters applied to pedotransfer functions in the estimation of soil attributes / Parâmetros da cor aplicados a funções de pedotransferência na estimativa de atributos do solo

Global demands for an increased food production have prompted scientists to create technological innovations in various segments of the agricultural and environmental sectors. The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in soil color determination to estimate its attributes is an example of these advances. Thus, the aim of this research was to identify the potential of the three parameters of the Munsell color system (Hue, Value, and Chroma) in estimating different chemical and particle size attributes by pedotransfer functions in a Typic Hapludox in the Cerrado of Piauí State, Brazil. This soil showed a yellowish color due to the goethite and low contents of bases and organic carbon. Among the calibrated pedotransfer functions, we observed that phosphorus, aluminum, hydrogen, potential acidity, potential cation exchange capacity, and base saturation could be estimated by Hue, while clay content by Value, and Chroma used to estimate hydrogen, potential acidity, and cation exchange capacity. We conclude that the parameter color could be used to estimate soil attributes.

As demandas mundiais por aumento na produção de alimentos vêm instigando os cientistas a criarem inovações tecnológicas em vários segmentos dos setores agrícolas e ambientais. O uso da espectroscopia de reflectância difusa na determinação da cor do solo para a estimativa de seus atributos é um exemplo destes avanços. Assim, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa identificar o potencial dos três parâmetros do sistema Munsell de cores (Matiz, Valor e Croma) em estimar diferentes atributos químicos e granulométricos por funções de pedotransferência, em LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico no Cerrado do Estado do Piauí, Brasil. O solo apresentou coloração amarelada, como reflexo da goethita e também baixos teores de bases e carbono orgânico. Dentre as funções de pedotransferência calibradas, observamos que fósforo, alumínio, hidrogênio, acidez potencial, capacidade de troca catiônica potencial e saturação por bases podem ser estimada pela matiz, enquanto o teor de argila pode ser estimada pelo valor e o croma pode ser usado para estimar também hidrogênio, acidez potencial e capacidade de troca catiônica. Concluímos que é possível usar a cor para estimar atributos do solo.

Characterization, classification and analysis of the main properties of the Southwestern Goias soil / Caracterização, classificação e análise das principais propriedades dos solos do Sudoeste Goiano

Characterization of the soil and the grouping of its properties through main component analysis can assist in the classification and observation of the consequences of the conversion of native forest areas in pastures. Such data can aid in management practices. Considering the lack of studies in Cerrado soils of south-western Goias, developed metagranites of Jurubatuba suite, the objective was to classify and study the physical, chemical and mineralogical soil (under native forest and pasture) Southwest of Goias. Soil sampling and classification followed the Field Methods Manual and the Brazilian System of Soil Classification, respectively. The physical, chemical and mineralogical soil were studied, as well as main component analysis made for these attributes. The profile 1 under native forest was classified as Cambissolo Háplico Tb eutrófico latossólico. The profile 2 under degraded pasture was rated Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico típico. In addition, the profile 3 under rotated pasture was rated as Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico chernossólico. It was observed that the Latossolos have higher bulk density and soil penetration resistance, indicating greater soil compaction. They showed high amounts of iron oxides and minor amount of nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. The principal component analysis allowed the grouping of profiles into two groups. Group 1 brought toget...

A caracterização do solo e o agrupamento de suas propriedades por meio de análise de componentes principais podem auxiliar na classificação e na observação das consequências da conversão de áreas de mata nativa em pastagens. Tais dados podem auxiliar nas práticas de manejo adotadas. Considerando a ausência de estudos em solos do Cerrado do sudoeste goiano, desenvolvidos de metagranitos da suíte Jurubatuba, o objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar e estudar as propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas de solos (sob mata nativa e pastagens) do Sudeste Goiano. As coletas de solo e classificação seguiram o Manual de Métodos de Campo e o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, respectivamente. Foram estudadas as propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas dos solos, bem como feitas análises de componentes principais desses atributos. O perfil 1 sob mata nativa foi classificado como Cambissolo Háplico Tb eutrófico latossólico. O perfil 2 sob pastagem extensiva foi classificado como Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico típico. E o perfil 3 sob pastagem rotacionada foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico chernossólico. Observou-se que os Latossolos apresentaram maiores valores de densidade do solo e resistência do solo à penetração, indicando maior compactação dos solos. Os mesmos apresentaram maiores quantidades de óxidos de ferro e menor quantidade de nutrientes, com...

Characterization, classification and analysis of the main properties of the Southwestern Goias soil / Caracterização, classificação e análise das principais propriedades dos solos do Sudoeste Goiano

Characterization of the soil and the grouping of its properties through main component analysis can assist in the classification and observation of the consequences of the conversion of native forest areas in pastures. Such data can aid in management practices. Considering the lack of studies in Cerrado soils of south-western Goias, developed metagranites of Jurubatuba suite, the objective was to classify and study the physical, chemical and mineralogical soil (under native forest and pasture) Southwest of Goias. Soil sampling and classification followed the Field Methods Manual and the Brazilian System of Soil Classification, respectively. The physical, chemical and mineralogical soil were studied, as well as main component analysis made for these attributes. The profile 1 under native forest was classified as Cambissolo Háplico Tb eutrófico latossólico. The profile 2 under degraded pasture was rated Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico típico. In addition, the profile 3 under rotated pasture was rated as Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico chernossólico. It was observed that the Latossolos have higher bulk density and soil penetration resistance, indicating greater soil compaction. They showed high amounts of iron oxides and minor amount of nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. The principal component analysis allowed the grouping of profiles into two groups. Group 1 brought toget...(AU)

A caracterização do solo e o agrupamento de suas propriedades por meio de análise de componentes principais podem auxiliar na classificação e na observação das consequências da conversão de áreas de mata nativa em pastagens. Tais dados podem auxiliar nas práticas de manejo adotadas. Considerando a ausência de estudos em solos do Cerrado do sudoeste goiano, desenvolvidos de metagranitos da suíte Jurubatuba, o objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar e estudar as propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas de solos (sob mata nativa e pastagens) do Sudeste Goiano. As coletas de solo e classificação seguiram o Manual de Métodos de Campo e o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, respectivamente. Foram estudadas as propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas dos solos, bem como feitas análises de componentes principais desses atributos. O perfil 1 sob mata nativa foi classificado como Cambissolo Háplico Tb eutrófico latossólico. O perfil 2 sob pastagem extensiva foi classificado como Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico típico. E o perfil 3 sob pastagem rotacionada foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico chernossólico. Observou-se que os Latossolos apresentaram maiores valores de densidade do solo e resistência do solo à penetração, indicando maior compactação dos solos. Os mesmos apresentaram maiores quantidades de óxidos de ferro e menor quantidade de nutrientes, com...(AU)

Characterization of potential CO2 emissions in agricultural areas using magnetic susceptibility

ABSTRACT Soil CO2 emissions (fCO2) in agricultural areas have been widely studied in global climate change research, but its characterization and quantification are restricted to small areas. Because spatial and time variability affect emissions, tools need to be developed to predict fCO2 for large areas. This study aimed to investigate soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) and its correlation with fCO2 in an agricultural environment. The experiment was carried out on a Typic Eutrudox located in Guariba-SP, Brazil. Results showed that there was negative spatial correlation between fCO2 and the magnetic susceptibility of Air Dried Soil (MSADS) up to 34.3 m distant. However, the fCO2 had no significant correlation with MSADS, magnetic susceptibility of sand (MSSAND) nor clay (MSCLAY). However, MSADS could be a supplemental mean of identifying regions of high fCO2 potential over large areas.

Characterization of potential CO2 emissions in agricultural areas using magnetic susceptibility

ABSTRACT Soil CO2 emissions (fCO2) in agricultural areas have been widely studied in global climate change research, but its characterization and quantification are restricted to small areas. Because spatial and time variability affect emissions, tools need to be developed to predict fCO2 for large areas. This study aimed to investigate soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) and its correlation with fCO2 in an agricultural environment. The experiment was carried out on a Typic Eutrudox located in Guariba-SP, Brazil. Results showed that there was negative spatial correlation between fCO2 and the magnetic susceptibility of Air Dried Soil (MSADS) up to 34.3 m distant. However, the fCO2 had no significant correlation with MSADS, magnetic susceptibility of sand (MSSAND) nor clay (MSCLAY). However, MSADS could be a supplemental mean of identifying regions of high fCO2 potential over large areas.(AU)

Field-scale spatial correlation between contents of iron oxides and CO2 emission in an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane

Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is one of the main sources of carbon release into the atmosphere. Moreover, FCO2 is related to soil attributes governing the transfer of gases from soil to the atmosphere. This study aimed firstly to describe the spatial variability of hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), iron extracted with sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (Fed) contents, soil CO2 emission (FCO2) and free-water porosity (FWP) and secondly, to develop statistical models to predict the above mentioned factors in an Oxisol cultivated under manual harvesting of sugarcane (Saccharumspp.) in southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted on an irregular 50 m × 50 m grid containing 89 points, each 0.5-10 m apart. The 0-0.1 m soil layer at each sampling point was used to assess soil FCO2, moisture and total pore volume. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses using auto- and cross-semivariograms. All soil attributes exhibited a spatial dependence structure and the experimental semivariograms fitted spherical and exponential models. The Gt content was the individual attribute that exhibited the highest linear and spatial correlation, especially with FCO2. We were able to use diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to map large areas, which allows for easy identification and estimation of soil attributes such as FCO2 and FWP. Geostatistical techniques faciltate the interpretation of spatial relationships between soil respiration and the examined properties.

Field-scale spatial correlation between contents of iron oxides and CO2 emission in an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane

Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is one of the main sources of carbon release into the atmosphere. Moreover, FCO2 is related to soil attributes governing the transfer of gases from soil to the atmosphere. This study aimed firstly to describe the spatial variability of hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), iron extracted with sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (Fed) contents, soil CO2 emission (FCO2) and free-water porosity (FWP) and secondly, to develop statistical models to predict the above mentioned factors in an Oxisol cultivated under manual harvesting of sugarcane (Saccharumspp.) in southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted on an irregular 50 m × 50 m grid containing 89 points, each 0.5-10 m apart. The 0-0.1 m soil layer at each sampling point was used to assess soil FCO2, moisture and total pore volume. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses using auto- and cross-semivariograms. All soil attributes exhibited a spatial dependence structure and the experimental semivariograms fitted spherical and exponential models. The Gt content was the individual attribute that exhibited the highest linear and spatial correlation, especially with FCO2. We were able to use diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to map large areas, which allows for easy identification and estimation of soil attributes such as FCO2 and FWP. Geostatistical techniques faciltate the interpretation of spatial relationships between soil respiration and the examined properties.(AU)

Variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de solos antropogênico e não antropogênico na região de Manicoré, AM / Spatial variability of soil physical anthropogenic and non anthropogenic in the region of Manicoré, AM

Melhores conhecimentos sobre os solos antropogênicos podem auxiliar na construção de cenários futuros para a região amazônica, por meio de informações que subsidiem o planejamento sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de solos antropogênicos e não antropogênico na região de Manicoré, AM. Na área do estudo foram selecionadas duas, uma com solos não antropogênicos (floresta nativa) e outra com solos antropogênicos (terra preta arqueológica). Em cada área, foi estabelecida uma malha medindo 70 x 70 m e os solos foram amostrados nos pontos de cruzamento da malha, com espaçamentos regulares de 10 em 10 metros, perfazendo um total de 64 pontos amostrais em cada paisagem. Foram coletadas amostras de solos na profundidade de 0,0 a 0,10 m e realizadas as análises físicas (textura, densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporososidade, porosidade total e estabilidade dos agregados). Em seguida, os dados foram submetidos á estatística descritiva e geoestatística. Verificou-se que os solos antropogênicos e não antropogênicos apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados em relação ás suas estruturas espaciais. A variabilidade espacial que predominou no solo antropogênico e não antropogênico foi moderada e fraca indicando que estes solos estão fortemente ligados a alterações ocorridas por fatores extrinsecos no solo. No solo antropogênico foi observado melhores resultados para a porosidade total, microporosidade e densidade do solo, evidenciando características superiores para fins agronômicos quando comparado ao solo não antropogênico. E os valores de alcance encontrado nas duas áreas foram acima do utilizado na malha, evidenciando maior continuidade espacial nestes ambientes.

Better knowledge of the anthropogenic soils can help create future scenarios for the Amazon region through information that supports the sustainable planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil physical anthropogenic and not anthropogenic in the region of Manipur, AM. In the study area we selected two, one with no anthropogenic soils (native forest) and another with anthropogenic soils (black earth archaeological). In each area, we established a grid measuring 70 x 70 m and the soils were sampled at the points of intersection of the grid with regular spacing of 10 by 10 feet, making a total of 64 sampling points in each landscape. Soil samples were collected at a depth from 0.0 to 0.10 I did the analyzes physical (texture, bulk density, macroporosity, microporososidade, porosity and aggregate stability). Then, the data were subjected to descriptive statistics and geostatistics. It was found that the anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic soils showed different behaviors in relation ace their spatial structures. The spatial variability that prevailed in anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic soil was moderate and weak indicating that these soils are strongly linked to changes in the soil by extrinsic factors. The soil was observed anthropogenic best results for total porosity, microporosity and bulk density, showing superior characteristics compared for agronomic soil not anthropogenic. And the range of values found in the above two areas were used in the mesh, showing greater spatial continuity in these environments.