Anatomy theaters in the history and teaching of surgery.

The study of anatomy has played a large part in the progress of scientific observation throughout the centuries and was pivotal in elevating anatomy from the magical thinking of the Hippocrates era and freeing it from subservience to medicine which was all-powerful in the past. Anatomy theaters appeared in Northern Italy in the 14th century and developed in Western Europe from the early 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century. Anatomy theaters lived their golden age in France during the 18th century when the Royal Academy of Surgery (Académieroyaledechirurgie) was created in 1743. These theaters were open to the public, and therefore offered the double vocation of teaching and public entertainment: they were used to teach anatomy and surgery to students and surgeons and offered distraction for the well-informed public that was fascinated by death, ever-present and familiar to all. Anatomical dissection accomplished a double ritual: the "profane" ritual of valorization of scientific knowledge and the "sacred" ritual, where mankind, obsessed with death, respected the human body considered as a divine image. Anatomy theaters declined as they became overshadowed by progress in anatomical teaching using well-illustrated works in well-equipped medical schools while exhibition of anatomic oddities for public amusement was relegated to fairs and circus sideshows. Nonetheless they opened the way to modern anatomo-clinical methods and surgery.

Nuevas estrategias en el tratamiento del trauma raquimedular: actualización bibliográfica / New strategies in treatment of spinal cord injury: literature update

Better understanding of spinal cord injury pathophysiology has allowed the development of new areas of investigation, focused in reducing the injury and stimulating cord regeneration. The preliminary results of these investigations have generated great expectation in the scientific world, together with ambiguous information for patients with these injuries. In this article, we present a review of the available literature in this area, describing several non-pharmacological interventions, together with new drugs, immune therapies to block processes that inhibit cord regeneration and the renowned cell therapy. After evaluating the available articles included in this review, we observed a progress towards an increased efficacy of these treatments, but with limitations due to methodological flaws in the study protocols, which do not allow us to make applicability recommendations of them in humans.

Los recientes avances en el entendimiento de la fisiopatología del traumatismo raquimedular, han permitido el desarrollo de investigación enfocada en intervenciones orientadas a disminuir la lesión y estimular la regeneración medular. El entusiasmo por este nuevo conocimiento ha generado expectativa en el mundo científico co e información ambigua en los pacientes con este tipo de lesiones. En este trabajo revisamos la literatura reciente y la que se está llevando a cabo a este respecto, encontrando la descripción de algunas intervenciones no farmacológicas diferentes a la cirugía, nuevos medicamentos, terapias de bloqueo inmunológico de procesos que inhiben la regeneración medular y la reconocida terapia celular. Al evaluar los trabajos incluidos en esta revisión, observamos un avance hacia el aumento de la efectividad de los tratamientos pero con la limitación debida a las falencias metodológicas en la investigación que impiden hacer recomendaciones de aplicabilidad de los mismos en humanos.

Absceso epidural lumbar post hernia discal traumática: caso clínico / Lumbar epidural abscess secondary to traumatic disk herniation: a case report

We report the case of a 42-year-old male patient presenting with trauma history and lumbar spine axial compression which caused a herniated nucleus pulposus at lumbar level, revealed through MRI. After a four-day evolution period, fever and laboratory alterations indicative of an infectious process appear without signs of neurologic involvement. Hemoculture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus and MRI showed the presence of a lumbar spinal abscess secondary to infected epidural hematoma. The patient was treated with antibiotics, being given ceftriaxone, metronidazol, and gentamicin as an initial theraphy switched subsecuently to cloxaciline and cefazoline, He showed a favourable evolution, completing a six-week period of endovenous treatment plus four weeks receiving oral therapy The patient was discharged in good condition with no neurologic deficit.

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 42 años con historia de trauma y compresión axial de la columna lumbar que originó una hernia de núcleo pulposo a nivel lumbar, demostrada mediante resonancia magnética. Al cuarto día de evolución aparece fiebre y alteraciones de laboratorio concordantes con infección, sin signos de compromiso neurológico. El hemocultivo resulta positivo para staphylococcus aureus. La resonancia magnética demuestra presencia de absceso espinal lumbar, que impresiona secundario a hematoma epidural infectado. El paciente es tratado médicamente, con antibioticoterapia que incluye inicial mente ceftriaxona/ metronidazol/ gentamicina y posteriormente cloxacilina/cefazotina, con buena evolución, completando 6 semanas por vía endovenosa y 4 vía oral. Su evolución fue favorable, siendo dado de alta en buenas condiciones y sin déficit neurológico.

Fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas: manejo conservador / Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: conservative management

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures are a consequence of a systemic skeletall disease (osteoporosis) that results in an increase of bone fragility and fracture risk. The Orthopedic Surgeon may be the only doctor who evaluate a patient with a fracture and should be able to show whether this is due to osteoporotic process, to give an integral treatment and prevent future fractures. Vertebral osteoporotic fracture, are associated with pain, disability, increased morbidity and mortality and a major economic impact on society. Conservative treatment of these fractures is composed of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. The nonpharmacological treatment serves as a complement to pharmacological treatment and optimizes the reduction in risk of fractures. The main objective of treatment is to prevent future fractures. The secondary objectives are to reduce pain and disability associated. In this review of the literature, we summarize the drugs and techniques currently used to treat osteoporosis and to prevent future fractures.

Las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas son parte de una enfermedad esquelética sistémica (osteoporosis) que resulta en un aumento de la fragilidad ósea y del riesgo a fracturarse. El traumatólogo puede ser el único médico que evalúe a un paciente con una fractura y debe ser capaz de demostrar si esta es de causa osteoporótica, para así dar un tratamiento integral y prevenir fracturas futuras. Las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas (FVO) se asocian a dolor, discapacidad, aumento de morbi-mortalidad y un gran impacto económico para la sociedad. El tratamiento de estas fracturas tiene un manejo farmacológico y no farmacológico. El tratamiento no farmacológico complementa el tratamiento farmacológico y optimiza la reducción del riesgo de fracturas. El principal objetivo del tratamiento es el de prevenir nuevas fracturas. Los objetivos secundarios son disminuir el dolor y la discapacidad asociada. En esta revisión de la literatura se señalaran los fármacos y técnicas utilizadas en la actualidad para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis y prevención de nuevas fracturas.

Avulsión traumática radicular lumbar: caso clínico de interés / Traumatic lumbar nerve root avulsion

Traumatic lumbosacral nerve root avulsion it's an infrequent injury that appears in association with pelvic and lumbar fractures or hip dislocations. We describe a clinical case of traumatic avulsion at the LI lumbar root in a patient victim of an accident of high energy, without associate injuries. Magnetic resonance demonstrated traumatic pseudomenin-gocele at the LI lumbar root. The use of intrathecal gadolinium allowed us to confirm diagnosis and evaluate extension. Seven months later, patient returns to its labour activities with minimum pain.

La avulsión traumática de una raíz lumbo-sacra es una lesión poco frecuente que se presenta en asociación con fracturas lumbares y pélvicas o luxaciones de cadera. Se describe un caso clínico de avulsión traumática de la raíz lumbar L1 derecha, en un paciente de 63 años, víctima de un accidente de alta energía, quien no presentó lesiones asociadas. La resonancia magnética mostró un pseudomeningocele traumático de Ll y el estudio con gadolinio intratecal permitió confirmar el diagnóstico y evaluar la extensión. Luego de 7 meses de evolución, el paciente retornó a sus actividades laborales con mínimas molestias.

Bloqueo radicular selectivo en hernia del núcleo pulposo lumbar primaria lateral / Selective nerve root blocks in the treatment of primary lateral lumbar disc herniation

Purpose: Evaluate the use of selective nerve root blocks in the treatment of primary lateral lumbar disc herniation (foraminal and/or extraforaminal). Method: Retrospective case series. We identified all the patients who underwent a selective nerve root block in our hospital between January 2001 and June 2006. We selected patients with primary lateral and far lateral lumbar disc herniation. We excluded those with previous spine surgery or with other type of spine pathologies. Relevant data was gathered and statistically analyzed (using Fisher’s exact test) to determine possible associations between the evaluated variables and treatment failure (i.e. the need for spine surgery). Results: We identified 24 patients (8 women and 16 men), mean age 54 years (33-75), with a median follow up of 40 months (14-75). The most frequent level of the herniation was L3-L4 (41,6 percent),followed by L4-L5 (37,5 percent). Sixteen patients (66,6 percent) had foraminal herniations, 2 patients had extraforaminal herniations, while the remaining 6 patients had both foraminal and extraforaminal herniations. Five patients (20,8 percent) presented treatment failure, requiring spine surgery. No statistically significant differences were detected among age, sex, paresis and previous epidural infiltrations with treatment failure. A clear tendency of association between treatment failure and patients under a workers’ compensation program was observed. We identified a statistically relevant higher treatment failure rate in heavy workers and patients with L3-L4 disc herniations. Conclusion: In this series, selective nerve root blocks had an 79,2 percent success rate, considering prevention of spine surgery as the main endpoint, with an adequate follow up. Heavy workers and L3-L4 disc herniations had a higher treatment failure rate.

Objetivo: Evaluar resultados del tratamiento con bloqueo radicular selectivo (BRS) en pacientes con hernia del núcleo pulposo (HNP) lumbar primaria lateral (foraminal y extraforaminal). Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos. Se realizó búsqueda de todos los pacientes tratados con bloqueos radiculares selectivos en nuestro hospital, entre enero de 2001 y junio de 2006. Se seleccionaron pacientes con diagnóstico de HNP lumbar primaria lateral. Se excluyeron aquellos pacientes con cirugía de columna previa o con patología de otro tipo. Se consignaron los datos relevantes y se realizó un análisis estadístico contest exacto de Fisher para evaluar la relación entre las variables categóricas estudiadas y el fracaso del tratamiento, definido como la necesidad de cirugía. Resultados: Se identificaron 24 pacientes (8 mujeres y 16 hombres), edad promedio 54 años (33-75). Mediana de seguimiento de 40 meses (14-75). La localización más frecuente de la HNP fue el nivel L3-L4 (41,6 por ciento), seguido por L4-L5 (37,5 por ciento). El 66,6 por ciento de los casos (16 pacientes) correspondían a una HNP foraminal, 2 pacientes tenían una HNP extraforaminal y en 6 pacientes la hernia se ubicaba tanto en la forámina como en el espacio extraforaminal. Cinco pacientes (20,8 por ciento) presentaron falla al tratamiento, requiriendo cirugía de resección herniaria. No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la edad, sexo, paresia asociada e infiltraciones previas con la necesidad de cirugía. Existió una clara tendencia de asociación entre la necesidad de cirugía y aquellos pacientes sometidos a compensación. Se identificó un mayor fracaso de tratamiento, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa, en aquellos pacientes que realizaban trabajo pesado y en los que presentaban una HNP en nivel L3-L4. Conclusiones: En esta serie, el BRS tiene un 79,2 por ciento de éxito en el manejo de los pacientes con HNP lumbar primaria lateral...

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas toracolumbares tipo C de la AO / Results of the surgical treatment of type C AO thoracolumbar fractures

AO Type C Thoracolumbar fractures are the most complex and unstable spine injuries, with a high frecuency of neurological impairment. The goal of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, management and outcome in worker’s compensation patients with type C AO thoracolumbar fractures that were surgically treated in our hospital between January 1994 and December 2004. We collected 88 patients, 68 of them had work related accidents. Four patients were discarded because of insufficient data. The median follow up was 58 months. Of the 64 patients evaluated (mean age 35.7 years), 94 percent were men. The most common mechanism of injury was height fall (41 percent). Associated injuries occurred in 80 percent of the patients (23 percent had another spine fracture). Neurological impairment was present in 64 percent, 22 percent had incomplete, while 42 percent had complete impairment. The majority of the patients presented a C3 AO thoracolumbar fracture (50 percent). The average preoperative time was 6 days (range 0-64). The mean time of surgery was 224 minutes (range 80-640). Only 9.3 percent of the patients required a complementary anterior approach. The median hospitalization time was 61 days (6-275) and the mean postoperative rest was 9.8 months (1.4-34). We had 11 acute complications and 6 delayed complications. Return to work occurred in 64 percent of the patients, while 59 percent was compensated. Among the patients presenting partial neurological impairment, 50 percent improved at least one degree in the Frankel scale.

Las fracturas tóracolumbares tipo C de la AO corresponden a las lesiones espinales más complejas e inestables, con una alta incidencia de compromiso neurológico. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir las características clínicas, manejo y evolución de los pacientes accidentados del trabajo, con fracturas tóracolumbares tipo C de la AO, operados en nuestro hospital. Revisamos en forma retrospectiva los casos entre enero de 1994 y diciembre de 2004. Recolectamos 88 pacientes, 68 de los cuales correspondían a accidentados del trabajo. Cuatro casos fueron eliminados por información incompleta. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 58 meses. De los 64 pacientes evaluados (edad promedio 35,7 años),el 94 por ciento eran hombres. El mecanismo de lesión más común fue caída de altura (41 por ciento). Un 80 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron lesiones asociadas (23 por ciento con fractura de columna a otro nivel). Un 64 por ciento ingresó con compromiso neurológico, de los cuales, el 22 por ciento fue parcial y 42 por ciento completo. La mayoría de las fracturas fueron tipo C3 de la clasificación AO (50 por ciento). El tiempo promedio preoperatorio fue de 6 días (0-64). La duración promedio de la cirugía fue de 224 minutos (80-640). Un 9,3 por ciento de los pacientes requirió de una vía anterior complementaria. La mediana de hospitalización fue de 61 días (6-275) y el tiempo promedio de reposo post operatorio fue de 9,8 meses (1,4-34 meses). Hubo 11 complicaciones precoces y 6 tardías. Un 64 por ciento retornó al trabajo y un 59 por ciento fue indemnizado. De los pacientes con compromiso neurológico parcial, un 50 por ciento recuperó al menos un grado en la escala de Frankel.

Resultados del tratamiento con corticoide epidurales en síndrome de dolor lumbar radicular / Results from the epidural inyections of corticosteroids treatment in the treatment of radicular lumbosacral pain

The effectiveness of epidurals steroids injections in the conservative management of sciatica, due to a hemiated nucleus pulposus, is still matter of controversy. We conduced a retrospectively study to evaluate the results of this therapy in patients under labor compensation. Between January 2001 and December 2003, 319 patients were treated with epidural steroids injections in our hospital. We excluded those with previous radicular lumbar pain, prior spine surgery or absolutely indication of surgical management, entering the study a total of 116. Mean follow up was 58 months (42-78). In conclusion, the use of epidurals steroids injections in patients under labor compensation with radicular lumbar pain has a successful rate of 35.4%, avoiding surgical treatment. The analysis of the sub-groups did not show statistical differences, so we couldn 't identify risk factors for the failure of this procedure.

La eficacia del uso de corticoides epidurales en el manejo conservador de una hernia del núcleo pulposo lumbar sintomática, es materia de controversia. Este estudio retrospectivo tiene el objetivo de evaluar los resultados, a través del requerimiento de cirugía, del tratamiento con corticoides epidurales en pacientes con síndrome de dolor lumbar radicular (SDLr) producido por una HNP sometidos a compensación. Se revisaron las fichas de los pacientes a los que se les practicó este procedimiento en nuestro hospital en un periodo de 3 años. Se excluyeron los pacientes con cuadro de SDLr previo, cirugía de columna previa o que cumplieran criterios quirúrgicos absolutos. Se trataron 319 pacientes con inyección epidural de corticoides en nuestro hospital entre los años estudiados, ingresando al estudio 116 casos. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 58 meses (42-78). En 75 pacientes (64,6%) fracasó este tratamiento requiriendo de cirugía de resección hemiaria. En conclusión, el uso de corticoides epidurales en pacientes con SDLr sometidos a compensación tiene un éxito en el grupo estudiado de un 35,4%, evitando la cirugía. El análisis de los subgrupos no mostró diferencias estadísticas, por lo cual no se pudo identificar parámetros que constituyeran factores pronósticos para el fracaso de esta técnica.

Fractura múltiple no contigua de la columna toracolumbar / Multiple non contiguous thoracolumbar spine fracture

A clinical case of a patient with a triple unstable non contiguous thoracolumbar spine fracture, operated by the spine group of the Hospital del Trabajador is presented. A brief review of the literature is done concerning the epidemiology and management of these kind of injuries.

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con una triple fractura inestable, no contigua, de la columna toraco-lumbar, operado por el equipo de columna del Hospital del Trabajador. Se hace una breve revisión de la literatura acerca de la epidemiología y el manejo de este tipo de lesiones.

Fracturas tóracolumbares por lomo de toro / Thoracolumbar fractures secondary to speed bumps

Thirty one patients with thoracolumbar fractures secondary a jump inside a motor vehicle over a speed bump were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated in the Hospital del Trabajador Santiago between 1996 and 2005. 83 percent of the patients were female and 54.8 percent presented comorbidities. 30 had an accident in a bus, 90 percent seated in the last seat. 100 percent fractures were a type A. Seven patients were surgically treated, with two cases of permanent disability with chronic pain. Mean rest time was 108 days. We analyzed the mechanism of injury, the importance of the injury and the law in Chile related to the construction of these safety devices, concluding a rationalization of these speed bumps is necessary.

Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de 31 pacientes con fractura toracolumbar secundaria a salto en vehículo motorizado sobre un lomo de toro, tratados en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago (HTS) entre los años 1996 y 2005. El 83 por ciento de los pacientes fueron mujeres, y 54.8 por ciento presentaban comorbilidades. Treinta se accidentaron en microbús, 90 por ciento sentados en el último asiento. 100 por ciento fracturas fuero tipo A sin compromiso neurológico. Siete pacientes requirieron cirugía, en dos casos se otorgó incapacidad. Tiempo de reposo promedio e 108 días. Se analiza el mecanismo de lesión, la gravedad y la normativa vigente en Chile sobre la confección de dispositivos de seguridad, concluyendo que es necesaria la racionalización de estos.

Infecciones post operatorias en cirugía de columna: artículo de revisión / Postoperative infections in spine surgery

La infección en la cirugía espinal, es poco frecuente, pero desastrosa complicación. Aumenta significativamente la morbilidad, costos y sufrimiento para el paciente. En la presente revisión basada en la literatura, nos centramos en la incidencia, factores de riesgo, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones post operatorias de columna.

Fracturas tóracolumbares por mecanismo torsional tipo C: resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico por vía posterior / Thoracolumbar fractures for torsional mechanism type C: results of surgical treatment by posterior approach

Entre enero de 1994 y diciembre del 2000 en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago se trataron quirúrgicamente 48 pacientes con fracturas toracolumbares tipo C según la clasificación AO, (42 hombres y 6 mujeres). El 67 por ciento presentaba compromiso neurológico (32/48). Fueron manejados con abordaje posterior, reducción, descompresión, artrodesis posterolateral y estabilización con instrumentación USS. Se realizó seguimiento radiológico, neurológico y evaluación clínica tardía. El trauma de alta energía fue la etiología más frecuente. Un 66 por ciento de los pacientes presentaba lesiones asociadas. De acuerdo a la clasificación AO fueron: C1 15 por ciento, C2 31 por ciento y C3 54 por ciento. Las lesiones C3 tuvieron un 80 por ciento compromiso neurológico. 14,6 por ciento tenía otra lesión espinal. Se observó un 10,2 por ciento de complicaciones precoces: 2 infecciones superficiales, 2 infecciones profundas y un Schantz mal posicionado. En 15 lesiones parciales se obtuvo mejoría neurológica en la escala de Frankel. A los 2 años la evaluación radiológica demostró pérdida de corrección cifótica de 4º. Un 71 por ciento de los pacientes se reincorporó al mundo laboral. En esta serie, la resolución quirúrgica por medio de la instrumentación, reducción y artrodesis corta por vía posterior demostró buenos resultados clínicos, radiológicos, de recuperación neurológica y sociolaboral

[Treatment of inguinal hernia in the adult: results of tension-free procedures]. / Traitement de la hernie inguinale de l'adulte: résultats des réparations sans tension.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to verify, by a prospective multicenter evaluation, if the results attributed to tension-free procedures were obtained in current practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1994 to 1997, 398 patients were operated on by three surgical teams. There were 357 men and 4 women (mean age: 58.5 years, range: 25-90). The hernia was bilateral in 37 patients and 435 hernias were treated by Perfix plug (n = 322), Gilbert plug (n = 76) or by Lichtenstein procedure (n = 37), according to the choice of the surgeon. In tension-free procedures, sutures under tension were replaced by a mesh or a plug without any approximation of the margins of the hernial orifice. The procedure was performed under local (n = 316), epidural (n = 94), or general (n = 25) anesthesia. RESULTS: There were no postoperative deaths. There were 19 postoperative benign complications (4.4%). The duration of analgesics consumption, postoperative hospital stay, cessation of normal activities and work (mean [SD] [range]) were 3.3 days ([3.9] [0-60]), 1.3 day ([1.1] [0-16]), 4.5 days ([3.1] [0-34]) and 15.4 days ([10.2] [0-60]) respectively. With a mean follow-up of 36 months ([14] [6-67]), 423 hernias (97.2%) were assessed. Two (0.5%) recurrences occurred. Twenty three patients had secondarily troubles (5.8%): 21 patients complained of chronic pain, one had testis atrophy and one plug had to be removed. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that tension-free procedures are minimally invasive, induce few benign postoperative complications and low pain, allow early return to normal activity, and are followed by few recurrences.

Inguinal hernia: a patch covering only the myopectineal orifice is effective.

A large mesh in the preperitoneal space, spread on iliac vessels and bladder, can cause future difficulties in a case of urogenital or vascular disease. Since all recurrences are located in the area of the myopectineal orifice, a mesh covering only this area, as in the Rives procedure, is effective and avoids these drawbacks. However, the Rives procedure is demanding, which is why we tried to simplify the technique. A mesh 8-10 cm long and 6-7 cm wide was spread in the preperitoneal space using the inguinal approach, without any fixation or with only a few stitches; the fascia was then simply approximated over the mesh without tension. A total of 161 hernias (99% Nyhus type III and IV) were repaired using this technique. Only six benign complications (3.7%) occurred. With a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 18-94 months), only one recurrence occurred (0.7%), due to misplacement of the mesh, eight patients complained of mild pain, and no late complications were observed. In conclusion, placement of a small mesh covering only the myopectineal orifice using the inguinal approach is effective and is associated with a low risk of drawbacks and complications.

[Tension-free procedures: progress in the treatment of inguinal hernia]. / Les procédés sans tension: un progrès dans le traitement de la hernie inguinale.

OBJECTIVE: Tension-free procedures are aimed to minimize post-operative pain and rate of recurrence, by replacing sutures under tension by a mesh without any approximation of the margins of the hernial orifice. Moreover they offer the advantage of being performed under local or epidural anesthesia. The aim of this study was to verify, by a prospective multicentre evaluation, if the results attributed to these procedures are obtained in current practice. RESULTS: Evaluation involved 435 hernias, treated by Lichtenstein procedure, Gilbert plug and Perfix plug. There were 19 postoperative benign complications (4.4%). The durations of analgesics consumption, post-operative hospital stay, cessation of normal activities and time off work [mean, [(SD), (extremes)]] were 3.3 days [(3.9) (0-60)], 1.3 days [(1.1) (0-16)], 4.5 days [(3.1) (0-34)] and 15.4 days [(10.2) (0.60)] respectively. With a mean follow-up of 36 months [(14) (6-67)], 423 hernias (97.2%) were assessed. Two (0.5%) recurrences occurred. Twenty three patients had secondary troubles (5.8%): 21 patients complained of chronic pain, one had atrophy of the testis and one plug had to be removed. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that tension-free procedures are minimally invasive, induce few benign postoperative complications, low pain and allow early return to normal activity.

[Progress in the treatment of inguinal hernia]. / Progrès dans le traitement de la hernie inguinale.

The aim of surgical treatment of inguinal hernia is to a) reduce post-operative pain and discomfort to a minimum allowing patients to return to the activities as rapidly as possible, and b) hold the recurrence rate under 1%. The Shouldice technique remains the gold standard; its real recurrence rate is about 5%. Applying a mesh in the retroperitoneal space by laparoscopy is a good approach and can theoretically reach both aims. In current practice however, laparoscopy is not always favorable: general anesthesia is mandatory, technical pitfalls lead to morbidity and later to recurrences. Tension-free procedures would provide the best compromise for achieving the two advantages of: a) reducing pain, discomfort and recurrence risks by eliminating tension and, b) local and or loco-regional anesthesia.

Adjuvant intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil in high-risk colon cancer: A multicenter phase III trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of a prospective multicenter randomized study of adjuvant intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered during 6 days shortly after resection of stages II and III colon cancers. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy improves the survival of patients with stage III colon cancer receiving treatment for 6 months. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy theoretically combines peritoneal and hepatic effects. METHODS: After resection, 267 patients were randomized into two groups. Patients in group 1 (n = 133) underwent resection followed by intraperitoneal administration of 5-FU (0.6 g/m2/day) for 6 days (day 4 to day 10). These patients also received intravenous 5-FU (1 g) during surgery. Patients in group 2 underwent resection alone (n = 134). RESULTS: In group 1, 103 patients received the total dose, 18 received a partial dose as a result of technical or tolerance problems, and 12 did not receive the chemotherapy. Rates of surgical death and complications were similar in both groups. Tolerance to treatment was excellent or fair in 97% of the patients and poor in 3%. After a median follow-up of 58 months, 5-year overall survival rates were 74% in group 1 and 69% in group 2; disease-free survival rates were 68% and 62%, respectively. Survival curves were superimposed until 3 years after treatment and began diverging thereafter. Among patients receiving the full treatment, the 5-year disease-free survival rate was improved in the treatment group in patients with stage II cancers but was unchanged in patients with stage III cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy with intraperitoneal 5-FU administered during a short period after surgery was well tolerated but was not sufficient to reduce the risk of death significantly. However, it reduced the risk of recurrence in stage II cancers. These results suggest that it should be associated with systemic chemotherapy to reduce both local and distant recurrences.

[Feasibility and short-term results of the "plug" technique in inguinal hernia. A prospective evaluation]. / Faisabilité et résultats à court terme de la technique du "plug" dans la hernie inguinale. Evaluation prospective.

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the feasibility and postoperative outcome of the "plug" technique in inguinal hernia. One hundred and forty-six consecutive patients were operated for 151 hernias. A plug was applied in 131 cases (86.8%). The Lichtenstein technique was used in 20 cases (13.2%) because of a wide weakness of the posterior wall. Eleven (7.3%) postoperative benign complications occurred. No severe complications were observed and no patient was reoperated. The mean duration of oral analgesia was 2.7 (0-10) days. Mean durations of postoperative hospital stay, time off work and cessation of normal activities were 1.2 (0-4) days, 18.1 (1-37) days and 5.8 (1-18) days, respectively. In conclusion, the "plug" technique is feasible in a wide range of hernias and allows a short hospital stay and an early return to normal activity.