¿Disminuye el exceso ponderal en la población adulta? Contraste entre las Encuestas Europeas de Salud en España de 2009 y 2014 / Is overweight on the decrease in the adult population? differences between the 2009 and 2014 European Health Surveys in Spain

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DIET QUALITY OF MOROCCAN ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN MOROCCO AND IN SPAIN.

Intra-population socioeconomic changes and migration are powerful factors in changing eating habits. Changes in eating habits could affect the nutritional status, growth, development and health of adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare the diet of adolescents of Moroccan origin living in Spain with that of adolescents living in Morocco. The sample comprised 428 Moroccan adolescents aged from 12 to 19 recruited in high schools: 327 living in Ouarzazate (Morocco) and 101 living in Madrid (Spain). The variables studied were energy intake (kcal/day), diet quality indicators (adherence to the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI); cholesterol intake (mg/day); fibre intake (g/day) and energy profile)); and indicators of keeping traditional customs (halal meat consumption, bread made at home). Teenagers from Morocco living in Madrid consumed more calories, proteins, saturated fats and simple sugars (p<0.001) than those living in Morocco. Their diet was of lower quality than that of their peers in Morocco. This difference was more marked in boys than in girls. Changes in eating habits associated with migration from the south to the north Mediterranean basin can benefit young migrants in an immediate way (through greater availability of energy and nutrients), but later in life it could have negative consequences for their health, increasing the risk of overweight, obesity and cardiovascular and metabolic problems.

Eficacia de la suplementación nutricional con Caralluma fimbriata en la reducción del síndrome metabólico durante el climaterio / Effectivenes of dietary supplementation with Caralluma fimbriata in metabolic syndrome reduction during climacteric period

Introducción: La obesidad y el exceso de grasa visceral habitualmente se asocian a la hipertensión y a altos niveles de glucosa plasmática y lípidos séricos. La creciente prevalencia de estos factores de riesgo cardiometabólico está generando el desarrollo de fármacos y suplementos alimentarios, destinados a su control y tratamiento. Los productos que contienen Caralluma fimbriata han sido probados en algunos ensayos clínicos previos y recomendados para bajar peso y estabilizar las variables fisiológicas. Objetivos: Valorar la eficacia de un suplemento nutricional (OBEX®) sobre la composición corporal y el estado fisiológico de mujeres en fase climatérica. Métodos: La muestra fue de 44 mujeres (25 pre menopáusicas; 19 post menopaúsicas) residentes en la comunidad de Madrid, con un índice de masa corporal superior a 25kg/m2 y edades comprendidas entre 35 y 62 años. Previo consentimiento informado se sometieron a un tratamiento de 8 g diarios de (OBEX®) (3 g/dia de Caralluma fimbriata) durante dos meses. Al comienzo y final de dicho periodo se les midió la talla, el peso, perímetros umbilical de la cintura y cadera, los pliegues grasos subcutáneos y la composición corporal mediante impedancia eléctrica (TANITA®600). Se estimó el índice de masa corporal y el índice cintura cadera y se evaluaron los niveles de colesterol, glucosa en sangre y presión arterial. Resultados: Tras dos meses de tratamiento, el 52,78 % de las participantes habían bajado peso con una pérdida media de 1,86 Kg. Las premenopaúsicas disminuyeron significativamente el grosor de los pliegues bicipital (3,3mm), subescapular (2,5mm) y suprailíaco (3,1mm). Las postmenopáusicas redujeron el bicipital (1,2mm), tricipital (2,3mm), subescapular (2mm) y suprailíaco (3,1mm) e incrementaron la masa muscular del tronco (0,5 kg p< 0,05). En ambos grupos bajó la proporción de mujeres clasificadas con obesidad abdominal a partir del índice cintura cadera así como la prevalencia de hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, e hiperglucemia. Discusión: La pérdida de volumen y ganancia de masa muscular empleando suplementos que contienen Caralluma fimbriata, podría ayudar a disminuir factores de riesgo cardiovascular durante la menopausia, al menos en la dosis suministrada en el presente trabajo, algo superior a la utilizada en estudios previos, parte de los cuales también reportan disminución significativa de las variables antropométricas y fisiológicas analizadas. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos con una ingesta de suplemento de OBEX® (3g/día de Caralluma fimbriata) son prometedores para el tratamiento de la obesidad central y la prevención el síndrome metabólico en mujeres climatéricas. Sin embargo, para asegurar su eficacia es necesario llevar a cabo estudios de mayor alcance, con mayor efectivo muestral y control de variables como la dieta y la actividad física (AU)

Introduction: Obesity and visceral fat excess are normally related to high blood pressure and increased plasmatic glucose and serum lipid levels. The growing prevalence of those cardiometabolic risk factors is promoting the development of drugs and dietary supplements, in order to control and treat them. Products containing Caralluma fimbriata have already been tested in some prior clinical trials and are proposed to help in weight loss and stabilization of physiological variables. Objectives: Evaluate the efficacy of a dietary supplement (OBEX®) on body composition and physiological status of women in climateric phase. Methods: The sample consisted of 44 women (25 pre - menopausal; 19 postmenopausal women) who resided in the county of Madrid, with a body mass index over 25 kg/m2 and ages between 35 and 62 years old. After signing an informed consent form, all participants were subjected to a treatment of 8g a day (OBEX®) (3g/day of caralluma fimbriata) during two months. At both the beginning and the end of the treatment, height, weight, waist and hip umbilical perimeters, thickness of subcutaneous folds and body composition by electrical impedance (TANITA®600) were measured. body mass index and waist-hip ratio were estimated and both blood cholesterol and glucose levels as well as blood pressure were assessed. Results: After two months of treatment, 52.78% of participants had lost weight resulting in an average weight loss of 1.86Kg. Premenopausal women had significantly decreased the thickness of their bicipital (3.3mm), subscapular (2.5mm) and suprailiac (3.1mm) skinfolds. Besides, postmenopausal women had reduced their bicipital (1.2mm), tricipital (2.3mm), subs - capular (2.0mm) and suprailiac (3.1mm) skinfolds and had increased their trunk muscle mass (0.5 Kg). In both groups the amount of women classified with abdominal obesity by means of waist-hip ratio decreased, in addition to a lowering in the prevalence of high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Discussion: The weigth loss and muscle mass profit obtained using supplements containing Caralluma fimbriata, could help to decrease cardiovascular risk facts during menopause, at least employing the dose submitted in this work, greater than that used in previous studies, some of which also report a significant reduction in the analyzed anthropometric and physiological variables. Conclusions: The obtained results with the intake of the supplement OBEX® (containing 3g/day of Caralluma fimbriata) are promising for the treatment of central obesity and prevention of metabolic syndrome in climacteric women. However, it is necessary to carry out larger significance studies to verify its efficacy, employing a bigger sample and controlling variables such as diet and physical activity (AU)

Body mass index through self-reported data and body image perception in Spanish adults attending dietary consultation.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore, based on sex and age, knowledge regarding weight, height, and the perception of body shape in Spanish adults who attend dietary consultation. We also wanted to determine the participants' desired body shapes and what they considered their best health status. METHODS: The sample consisted of 8100 women and 1220 men from Spain. They were between the ages of 18 and 75 y. Weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Participants were nutritionally classified following the cutoffs proposed by the World Health Organization. Each individual was asked about his or her weight and height and self-reported BMI was calculated. They also answered a test of body image perception through drawings of human silhouettes that corresponded to an exact BMI. With this, perceived BMI, desired BMI, and BMI considered healthy were estimated. Parametric statistic tests for contrast of mean and percentages were applied. RESULTS: Self-reported and perceived BMI underestimate the BMI obtained through anthropometry. Differences between measured and self-reported BMI are lower in women and increase with age in both sexes. The same result was obtained when comparing measured BMI with perceived BMI through silhouette test. On average, desired BMI and healthy BMI were in the limits of normal weight for all ages and both sexes. However, the difference between them was also lower in women. CONCLUSION: Age and sex influence the perception of excess weight and body image. This could condition the demand of dietary treatment to improve the nutritional status.