Directrices anticipadas en salud mental y el problema de la revocación / Advance directives in mental health and the revocation problem / Diretivas antecipadas em saúde mental e o problema da revogação

Resumen: El presente trabajo busca abordar el problema bioético de la colisión de voluntades que puede ocurrir con ocasión de la implementación de las directrices anticipadas en materia de salud mental, con especial énfasis en las directrices auto vinculantes, señalando ciertos lineamientos a observar con miras a regular adecuadamente esta circunstancia, determinando aquellas manifestaciones y comportamientos que deben contar como revocatorios de las instrucciones contenidas en el documento. Para estos efectos se emplea una metodología consistente en la revisión de la literatura pertinente. Se concluye que resulta imposible hallar una solución que permita satisfacer todos los intereses en conflicto, pero que la implementación de directrices anticipadas eficaces en salud mental requiere de una regulación que les conceda un cierto grado de rigidez, estableciendo, de manera clara y coherente, las circunstancias en que habrán de entenderse revocadas, sea que se emplee una evaluación de capacidad, o que se entregue la determinación de las circunstancias de la revocación al propio usuario.

Abstract: This paper seeks to address the bioethical problem of the collision of wills that may occur during the implementation of advance directives in mental health, with special emphasis on self-binding directives, pointing out certain guidelines to be observed in order to adequately regulate this circumstance, determining those manifestations and behaviors that should count as revocation of the instructions contained in the document. For these purposes, a methodology consisting of a review of the relevant literature is used. It is concluded that it is impossible to find a solution that satisfies all the conflicting interests, but that the implementation of effective advance directives in mental health requires a regulation that grants them a certain degree of rigidity, establishing, in a clear and coherent manner, the circumstances in which they are to be understood as revoked, whether an evaluation of capacity is used or the determination of the circumstances of revocation is left to the user himself.

Resumo: O presente trabalho busca abordar o problema bioético da colisão de vontades que pode ocorrer por ocasião da implementação das diretivas antecipadas em questões de saúde mental, com especial ênfase nas diretivas auto vinculantes, assinalando certos delineamentos a serem observados visando regular adequadamente esta circunstância, determinando aquelas manifestações e comportamentos que devem contar como revocatórios das instruções contidas no documento. Para esses efeitos emprega-se uma metodologia consistente na revisão da literatura pertinente. Conclui-se resultar impossível encontrar uma solução que permita satisfazer todos os interesses em conflito, porém que a implementação de diretivas antecipadas eficazes em saúde mental requer uma regulação que lhes conceda um certo grau de rigidez, estabelecendo, de maneira clara e coerente, as circunstâncias em que haverão de entender-se revogadas, seja empregando-se uma avaliação de capacidade, ou que se entregue a determinação das circunstancias da revogação ao próprio usuário.

Medicalisation and participation in legal capacity determinations in Chile.

This paper provides an examination of the process used by ordinary courts in Chile when making legal capacity determinations. It provides an up-to-date account of various aspects of law and procedure related to legal capacity in this jurisdiction. Also, by drawing on semi-structured interviews with judges, this paper examines judicial understandings of legal capacity decision-making focusing on problems related to the medicalisation of mental disability and the participation of persons with disabilities in legal capacity procedures.

The overprotection of conscientious objection in Chile's abortion regulation.

This paper critically analyses conscientious objection to abortion in the context of the new regulation of pregnancy termination in Chile. It argues that adequate regulation should not be blind: The bioethical requirements that seek to balance the interests involved must consider the legal regulation of the interests at stake, the context in which they are implemented, and, fundamentally, the effectiveness of the solutions adopted. Attention should be paid to the risks involved in the political use of conscientious objection to prevent the implementation of women's reproductive rights. In describing the process of the entrenchment and expansion of conscientious objection to abortion in Chile, we show how this process has overprotected conscience and how the risks of undermining the effectiveness of the new abortion legislation hinder the enjoyment of rights entrenched by the law.

Segmentation in low-penetration and low-involvement categories: an application to lottery games.

Market segmentation is accepted as a fundamental concept in marketing and several authors have recently proposed a segmentation model where personal and environmental variables intersect with each other to form motivating conditions that drive behavior and preferences. This model of segmentation has been applied to packaged goods. This paper extends this literature by proposing a segmentation model for low-penetration and low involvement (LP-LI) products. An application to the lottery games in Chile supports the proposed model. The results of the study show that in this type of products (LP-LI), the attitude towards the product category is the most important factor that distinguishes consumers from non consumers, and heavy users from light users, and consequently, a critical segmentation variable. In addition, a cluster analysis shows the existence of three segments: (1) the impulsive dreamers, who believe in chance, and in that lottery games can change their life, (2) the skeptical, that do not believe in chance, nor in that lottery games can change their life and (3) the willing, who value the benefits of playing.