Reproductive Biology and Rearing Improvements of Apanteles opuntiarum, Potential Biocontrol Agent of the Argentine Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum.

The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is native to South America and has been used as a biocontrol agent of Opuntia (Cactaceae) in Australia and South Africa. Its invasion in North America has raised concerns for the native Opuntia in the USA and Mexico. We investigated the reproductive biology and rearing procedures of a host-specific potential biocontrol agent, Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez and Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Given the gregarious nature of the parasitoid larvae, we studied the morphology of the immature stages and evaluated evidence of polyembryony and superparasitism. We also investigated the effects of host exposure arena and host density on parasitism rates and wasp production. The morphological descriptions provide a basis for comparison with other species. Early larval instars of A. opuntiarum are similar to other microgastrine immature stages. However, the mature larva exhibits placoid sensilla in the epistomal region, a unique character not previously reported. We provide evidence that A. opuntiarum eggs are not polyembryonic; females frequently superparasitize and have an oviposition preference for larvae parasitized 1-2 d previously. Exposing larvae of C. cactorum to wasps while inside the cactus resulted in lower parasitism and fewer offspring from each host than exposing larvae in the arena without the cactus. Parasitism and mortality rates were higher at lower host densities, possibly due to reduced host group defensive behavior. These results suggest that preference for superparasitism, host defensive behavior, and interactions with the cactus may play an important role in per-host wasp production under laboratory conditions.

Development of Bioactive Hybrid Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PLA/PMMA) Electrospun Fibers Functionalized with Bioglass Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

Hybrid scaffolds that are based on PLA and PLA/PMMA with 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 weight ratios and functionalized with 10 wt.% of bioglass nanoparticles (n-BG) were developed using an electrospinning technique with a chloroform/dimethylformamide mixture in a 9:1 ratio for bone tissue engineering applications. Neat PLA and PLA/PMMA hybrid scaffolds were developed successfully through a (CF/DMF) solvent system, obtaining a random fiber deposition that generated a porous structure with pore interconnectivity. However, with the solvent system used, it was not possible to generate fibers in the case of the neat PMMA sample. With the increase in the amount of PMMA in PLA/PMMA ratios, the fiber diameter of hybrid scaffolds decreases, and the defects (beads) in the fiber structure increase; these beads are associated with a nanoparticle agglomeration, that could be related to a low interaction between n-BG and the polymer matrix. The Young's modulus of PLA/PMMA/n-BG decreases by 34 and 80%, indicating more flexible behavior compared to neat PLA. The PLA/PMMA/n-BG scaffolds showed a bioactive property related to the presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in the fiber surface after 28 days of immersion in a Simulated Body Fluids solution (SBF). In addition, the hydrolytic degradation process of PLA/PMMA/n-BG, analyzed after 35 days of immersion in a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), was less than that of the pure PLA. The in vitro analysis using an HBOF-1.19 cell line indicated that the PLA/PMMA/n-BG scaffold showed good cell viability and was able to promote cell proliferation after 7 days. On the other hand, the in vivo biocompatibility evaluated via a subdermal model in BALC male mice corroborated the good behavior of the scaffolds in avoiding the generation of a cytotoxic effect and being able to enhance the healing process, suggesting that the materials are suitable for potential applications in tissue engineering.

Process-oriented metrics to provide feedback and assess the performance of students who are learning surgical procedures: The percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy case.

PURPOSE: Assessing competency in surgical procedures is key for instructors to distinguish whether a resident is qualified to perform them on patients. Currently, assessment techniques do not always focus on providing feedback about the order in which the activities need to be performed. In this research, using a Process Mining approach, process-oriented metrics are proposed to assess the training of residents in a Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (PDT) simulator, identifying the critical points in the execution of the surgical process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A reference process model of the procedure was defined, and video recordings of student training sessions in the PDT simulator were collected and tagged to generate event logs. Three process-oriented metrics were proposed to assess the performance of the residents in training. RESULTS: Although the students were proficient in classic metrics, they did not reach the optimum in process-oriented metrics. Only in 25% of the stages the optimum was achieved in the last session. In these stages, the four more challenging activities were also identified, which account for 32% of the process-oriented metrics errors. CONCLUSIONS: Process-oriented metrics offer a new perspective on surgical procedures performance, providing a more granular perspective, which enables a more specific and actionable feedback for both students and instructors.

[Cardiac tamponade and myocarditis in a patient with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Taponamiento cardíaco y miocarditis en paciente con infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2.

We describe a patient with COVID-19, with pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and severe myocardial depression. A 51-year-old woman, previously healthy, with mild COVID-19 presented with three episodes of syncope. She was admitted to the emergency room. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, diffuse superior concavity ST 2 mv; a CT scan showed pericardial effusion, without lung pathological findings. Due to shock, dyspnoea and encephalopathy, the patient was admitted to intensive care, where she received vasopressor support and mechanical ventilation. A bedside ultrasound showed pericardial effusion and tamponade; drainage was performed; transoesophageal ultrasound showed moderate deterioration of biventricular systolic function; global longitudinal strain -14.2%, estimated Fey 43%; global circumferential strain -10.1%. Seven days after admission, CT scan revealed bilateral infiltrates and pericardial thickening with post-contrast enhancement and mild pericardial effusion. On day 12 post admission, inotropic support was discontinued; patient on mechanical ventilation weaning and haemodynamically stable.

Describimos una paciente con COVID-19, con derrame pericárdico, taponamiento cardíaco y depresión miocárdica grave. Mujer de 51 años, sin enfermedad previa, COVID-19 leve que presentó tres episodios de síncope en domicilio. El electrocardiograma mostró ritmo sinusal, ST de concavidad superior difuso 2 mv; en la tomografía se observó derrame pericárdico y parénquima pulmonar normal. Ingresó a terapia intensiva con shock y requerimiento de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). En el ecocardiograma se observó derrame pericárdico y taponamiento; se realizó drenaje. El ecocardiograma transesofágico mostró deterioro moderado de función sistólica biventricular; strain longitudinal global ­14.2%, Fey estimada: 43%; deformación global circunferencial: ­10.1%. A los 7 días del ingreso, la tomografía reveló infiltrados bilaterales y engrosamiento pericárdico con realce post-contraste y derrame pericárdico leve. El día 12 posterior al ingreso, se suspendió el soporte inotrópico; y la paciente, hemodinámicamente estable, se desvinculó de la AVM.

Taponamiento cardíaco y miocarditis en paciente con infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2 / Cardiac tamponade and myocarditis in a patient with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection

Resumen Describimos una paciente con COVID-19, con derrame pericárdico, taponamiento cardíaco y depresión miocárdica grave. Mujer de 51 años, sin enfermedad previa, COVID-19 leve que presentó tres episodios de síncope en domicilio. El electrocardiograma mostró ritmo sinusal, ST de concavidad superior difuso 2 mv; en la tomografía se observó derrame pericárdico y parénquima pulmonar normal. Ingresó a terapia intensiva con shock y requerimiento de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). En el ecocardiograma se obser vó derrame pericárdico y taponamiento; se realizó drenaje. El ecocardiograma transesofágico mostró deterioro moderado de función sistólica biventricular; strain longitudinal global -14.2%, Fey estimada: 43%; deformación global circunferencial: -10.1%. A los 7 días del ingreso, la tomografía reveló infiltrados bilaterales y engrosamiento pericárdico con realce post-contraste y derrame pericárdico leve. El día 12 posterior al ingreso, se suspendió el soporte inotrópico; y la paciente, hemodinámicamente estable, se desvinculó de la AVM.

Abstract We describe a patient with COVID-19, with pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and severe myocar dial depression. A 51-year-old woman, previously healthy, with mild COVID-19 presented with three episodes of syncope. She was admitted to the emergency room. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, diffuse superior concavity ST 2 mv; a CT scan showed pericardial effusion, without lung pathological findings. Due to shock, dyspnoea and encephalopathy, the patient was admitted to intensive care, where she received vasopressor support and mechanical ventilation. A bedside ultrasound showed pericardial effusion and tamponade; drainage was performed; transoesophageal ultrasound showed moderate deterioration of biventricular systolic function; global longitudinal strain -14.2%, estimated Fey 43%; global circumferential strain -10.1%. Seven days after admission, CT scan revealed bilateral infiltrates and pericardial thickening with post-contrast enhancement and mild pericardial effusion. On day 12 post admission, inotropic support was discontinued; patient on mechanical ventilation weaning and haemodynamically stable.

SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus/enterovirus co-infection in a critically ill young adult patient in Colombia / [Coinfección por SARS-CoV-2 y rinovirus-enterovirus en una paciente adulta joven críticamente enferma en Colombia].

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a huge global public health problem. We report the case of a young adult patient with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. We describe the identification of the virus and the clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of the infection including her rapid clinical deterioration from the mild initial symptoms, which progressed to multilobar pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. This case highlights the importance of establishing a diagnosis based on the clinical findings and the patient's history bearing in mind the possibility of gastrointestinal symptoms in addition to respiratory ones. Besides, the presence of risk factors should be investigated; in this case, we proposed obesity as a possible risk factor. Furthermore, limitations in diagnostic tests and the possibility of co-infection with other respiratory pathogens are highlighted. We describe the imaging, laboratory findings, and treatment taking into account the limited current evidence.

La actual pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha ocasionado un enorme problema de salud pública mundial. Se reporta el caso de una paciente adulta joven con SARS-CoV-2 confirmado por laboratorio. Se describe la identificación del virus y el curso clínico, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la infección. La paciente tuvo un rápido deterioro clínico a partir de síntomas iniciales leves que progresaron a una neumonía multilobar que requirió su hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se destaca la importancia de establecer un diagnóstico basado en la clínica y los antecedentes del paciente, y considerando los posibles síntomas gastrointestinales además de los respiratorios. Asimismo, debe indagarse sobre la presencia de factores de riesgo, en este caso, la obesidad. También se señalan las limitaciones en las pruebas diagnósticas y la posibilidad de infección concomitante con otros agentes patógenos respiratorios, así como los hallazgos en las imágenes diagnósticas, los exámenes de laboratorio y el tratamiento en el marco de la limitada información con que se cuenta actualmente.

Coinfección por SARS-CoV-2 y rinovirus-enterovirus en una paciente adulta joven críticamente enferma en Colombia / SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus/enterovirus co-infection in a critically ill young adult patient in Colombia

La actual pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha ocasionado un enorme problema de salud pública mundial. Se reporta el caso de una paciente adulta joven con SARS-CoV-2 confirmado por laboratorio. Se describe la identificación del virus y el curso clínico, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la infección. La paciente tuvo un rápido deterioro clínico a partir de síntomas iniciales leves que progresaron a una neumonía multilobar que requirió su hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se destaca la importancia de establecer un diagnóstico basado en la clínica y los antecedentes del paciente, y considerando los posibles síntomas gastrointestinales además de los respiratorios. Asimismo, debe indagarse sobre la presencia de factores de riesgo, en este caso, la obesidad. También se señalan las limitaciones en las pruebas diagnósticas y la posibilidad de infección concomitante con otros agentes patógenos respiratorios, así como los hallazgos en las imágenes diagnósticas, los exámenes de laboratorio y el tratamiento en el marco de la limitada información con que se cuenta actualmente.

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a huge global public health problem. We report the case of a young adult patient with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. We describe the identification of the virus and the clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of the infection including her rapid clinical deterioration from the mild initial symptoms, which progressed to multilobar pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. This case highlights the importance of establishing a diagnosis based on the clinical findings and the patient's history bearing in mind the possibility of gastrointestinal symptoms in addition to respiratory ones. Besides, the presence of risk factors should be investigated; in this case, we proposed obesity as a possible risk factor. Furthermore, limitations in diagnostic tests and the possibility of co-infection with other respiratory pathogens are highlighted. We describe the imaging, laboratory findings, and treatment taking into account the limited current evidence.

La laparotomía de control de daños en pacientes sin trauma reduce el número de ostomías / Damage control laparotomy in non-trauma patients reduces the number of ostomies

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura y reconstrucción intestinal diferida, en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria a compromiso de víscera hueca, reduce el número de ostomías. Métodos. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que ingresaron a la clínica con sospecha de peritonitis de origen no traumático y que se sometieron a laparotomía entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2018. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, escalas de gravedad fisiológica, técnicas de reconstrucción intestinal y resultados clínicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 306 pacientes, distribuidos en tres grupos: 1) 120 (39,2 %) sometidos a resección y anastomosis, 2) 87 (28,4 %) sometidos a ostomía, y 3) 99 (32,3 %) sometidos inicialmente a ligadura intestinal. Los pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal presentaron mayor compromiso fisiológico al ingreso a la unidad de cuidado intensivo, con puntuación APACHE II: 14 (rango intercuartílico, RIC=10-18) en el grupo 1, 13 (RIC=11-18) en el grupo 2, y 18 (RIC=14-24) en el grupo 3 (p<0,01). Sin embargo, más de la mitad se reconstruyeron en la siguiente laparotomía: anastomosis mecánica (16/99; 16,1 %), anastomosis manual (49/99; 49,5 %), ostomía (34/99; 34,3 %). Además, estos pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal tuvieron un número significativamente mayor de nuevas laparotomías, y de días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, de estancia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo y de estancia hospitalaria. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad entre los subgrupos: (grupo 1=19 (15,8 %), grupo 2=16 (18,4 %), grupo 3=19 (19,2 %) (p=0,79). Conclusión. En este estudio, se logró evitar la ostomía como técnica de reconstrucción definitiva en más de la mitad de los pacientes con peritonitis que se sometieron a laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura intestinal

Introduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the damage control laparotomy with ligation and delayed intestinal reconstruction (DR), in patients with peritonitis secondary to compromised hollow viscera, reduces the number of ostomies.Methods. All patients under 18 years of age who entered the clinic with suspected non-traumatic peritonitis and who underwent laparotomy between January 2003 and December 2018 were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, severity scales physiological, intestinal reconstruction techniques and clinical results were evaluated.Results. A total of 306 patients were included, divided into three groups: 1) 120 (39.2 %) underwent resection and anastomosis, 2) 87 (28.4 %) underwent ostomy, and 3) 99 (32.3 %) underwent initial to intestinal ligation. Patients undergoing intestinal ligation presented greater physiological compromise upon admission to the intensive care unit, with an APACHE II score: 14 (interquartile range, IQR= 10-18) in group 1, 13 (IQR = 11-18) in the group 2, and 18 (IQR = 14-24) in group 3 (p<0.01). However, more than half were reconstructed in the following laparotomy: mechanical anastomosis (16/99; 16.1 %), manual anastomosis (49/99; 49.5 %), ostomy (34/99; 34.3 %). Also, they had a significantly greater number of new laparotomies, and of days of mechanical respiratory assistance, of stay in the intensive care unit and of hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between the subgroups: group 1= 19 (15.8 %), group 2= 16 (18.4 %), group 3= 19 (19.2 %) (p= 0.79). Conclusion. In this study, it was possible to avoid the ostomy as the definitive reconstruction technique in more than half of the patients with peritonitis who underwent damage control laparotomy with intestinal ligation

Safety of the laparoscopic management of patients with deep infiltrative endometriosis in a reference center in Pereira, Colombia. Retrospective cohorte, 2007-2016 / Seguridad del manejo laparoscópico de pacientes con endometriosis infiltrativa profunda, en un centro de referencia en Pereira, Colombia. Cohorte retrospectiva, 2007-2016

Objective: Describe the intraoperative findings, procedures and the safety of laparoscopic surgical management of Deep Infiltration Endometriosis (DIE). Materials and methods: A descriptive historical cohort study of patients with suspected pre-surgical diagnosis of DIE due to clinical findings, pelvic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging and histological confirmation of the disease. The patients were taken to minimally invasive surgery between 2007 and 2016 in a reference health institution located in Pereira, Colombia. Sociodemographic, clinical, intraoperative findings, types of procedure performed, intra and postoperative complications and post-surgical pain levels at 6 weeks were evaluated. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: One hundred and sixty seven patients were included. The most frequent location of the disease was the recto-vaginal septum (85.7 %). A total of 83 patients (49.7 %) had bowel endometriosis. Of these, 86 % had a shaving and 13.2 % segmental bowel resection. Four patients (2.4 %) had intraoperative complications. One was converted to laparotomy and other five (2.9 %) had post-surgical infection. Conclusions: Laparoscopic management of DIE is an option to be considered with a 5% of complication frequency. Randomized studies with a control group are required for a better evaluation of safety and efficacy.

Objetivo: describir los hallazgos intraoperatorios, los procedimientos realizados y la seguridad del manejo quirúrgico por vía laparoscópica de la endometriosis infiltrativa profunda (EIP). Materiales y métodos: cohorte histórica descriptiva. Ingresaron pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica prequirúrgica de EIP por hallazgos clínicos, ultrasonido pélvico o imágenes de resonancia magnética y con confirmación histológica de la enfermedad. Las pacientes fueron llevadas a cirugía mínimamente invasiva entre 2007 y 2016, en una institución de salud de referencia ubicada en Pereira, Colombia. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, hallazgos intraoperatorios, tipos de procedimientos realizados, complicaciones intra y posoperatorias y control del dolor a las 6 semanas. Se hace un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: se incluyeron 167 pacientes. La localización más frecuente de la enfermedad fue el tabique recto-vaginal (85,7 %). Un total de 83 pacientes (49,7 %) presentaron endometriosis intestinal. De estas, al 86 % se les realizó shaving (afeitado o nodulectomía), y al 13,2 % resección intestinal segmentaria. Un total de 4 pacientes (2,4 %) presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias, de las cuales una requirió laparoconversión y otras 5 pacientes (2,9 %) desarrollaron complicaciones posoperatorias. Conclusiones: el manejo laparoscópico de la EIP es una alternativa por considerar, con una frecuencia de complicaciones cercana al 5 %. Se requieren estudios aleatorizados con grupo control para una mejor evaluación de la seguridad y eficacia.

New species of Rhopalomyia and Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Prosopis caldenia Burkart (Fabaceae) in Argentina.

Two new species of cecidomyiids were identified on Prosopis caldenia Burkart (Fabaceae) in Argentina: Rhopalomyia caldeniae Cornejo Martínez sp. nov., as the inducer of bivalve leaf galls, and the inquiline Dasineura oportunista Cornejo Martínez sp. nov. These galls are composed of the partial coalescence of two contiguous pinnulae that delimit a single larval chamber, where both species develop. Seven other species were reared from these galls as parasitoids and inquilines.

Safety of the laparoscopic management of patients with deep infiltrative endometriosis in a reference center in Pereira, Colombia. Retrospective cohorte, 2007-2016 / Seguridad del manejo laparoscópico de pacientes con endometriosis infiltrativa profunda, en un centro de referencia en pereira, colombia. cohorte retrospectiva, 2007-2016

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los hallazgos intraoperatorios, los procedimientos realizados y la seguridad del manejo quirúrgico por vía laparoscópica de la endometriosis infiltrativa profunda (EIP). Materiales y métodos: cohorte histórica descriptiva. Ingresaron pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica prequirúrgica de EIP por hallazgos clínicos, ultrasonido pélvico o imágenes de resonancia magnética y con confirmación histológica de la enfermedad. Las pacientes fueron llevadas a cirugía mínimamente invasiva entre 2007 y 2016, en una institución de salud de referencia ubicada en Pereira, Colombia. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, hallazgos intraoperatorios, tipos de procedimientos realizados, complicaciones intra y posoperatorias y control del dolor a las 6 semanas. Se hace un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: se incluyeron 167 pacientes. La localización más frecuente de la enfermedad fue el tabique recto-vaginal (85,7 %). Un total de 83 pacientes (49,7 %) presentaron endometriosis intestinal. De estas, al 86 % se les realizó shaving (afeitado o nodulectomía), y al 13,2 % resección intestinal segmentaria. Un total de 4 pacientes (2,4 %) presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias, de las cuales una requirió laparoconversión y otras 5 pacientes (2,9 %) desarrollaron complicaciones posoperatorias. Conclusiones: el manejo laparoscópico de la EIP es una alternativa por considerar, con una frecuencia de complicaciones cercana al 5 %. Se requieren estudios aleatorizados con grupo control para una mejor evaluación de la seguridad y eficacia.

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the intraoperative findings, procedures and the safety of laparoscopic surgical management of Deep Infiltration Endometriosis (DIE). Materials and methods: A descriptive historical cohort study of patients with suspected pre-surgical diagnosis of DIE due to clinical findings, pelvic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging and histological confirmation of the disease. The patients were taken to minimally invasive surgery between 2007 and 2016 in a reference health institution located in Pereira, Colombia. Sociodemographic, clinical, intraoperative findings, types of procedure performed, intra and postoperative complications and post-surgical pain levels at 6 weeks were evaluated. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: One hundred and sixty seven patients were included. The most frequent location of the disease was the recto-vaginal septum (85.7 %). A total of 83 patients (49.7 %) had bowel endometriosis. Of these, 86 % had a shaving and 13.2 % segmental bowel resection. Four patients (2.4 %) had intraoperative complications. One was con- verted to laparotomy and other five (2.9 %) had post-surgical infection. Conclusions: Laparoscopic management of DIE is an option to be considered with a 5% of complication frequency. Randomized studies with a control group are required for a better evaluation of safety and efficacy.

Two new species of Xanthomicrogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Argentina, with a key to species of the genus.

The genus Xanthomicrogaster is reported for the first time from Argentina. Two new species, X. sayjuhu Martínez sp. nov. from NE Argentina, and X. otamendi Martínez sp. nov. from the delta of the Parana River are described and illustrated. These include the first reports of the genus from temperate latitudes in South America. A key to species of Xanthomicrogaster is provided.

Three new species of Pambolus (Braconidae: Pambolinae) from Mexico, with comments on the variation of P. oblongispina Papp.

Three species of the braconid genus Pambolus (Braconidae) are described from Mexico: P. jarocho sp. n., P. chinanteco sp. n. and P. bizelab sp. n. The external morphological variation in males and females of P. oblongispina Papp, previously known only by two females from Honduras and northern Mexico, is described based on material from Jalisco and Oaxaca in central and southeast Mexico. Molecular characterisation of the examined species was carried out based on the 28S nuclear ribosomal and the COI mitochondrial DNA gene markers.

Factores asociados a la lactancia materna en mujeres de un municipio colombiano / Breastfeeding determinants in women of a Colombian municipality

Introducción: la lactancia materna es una de las estrategias más costo-efectivas para disminuir la morbimortalidad infantil. UNICEF afirma que la lactancia materna exclusiva en la población infantil mundial fue 38%. La Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud reportó que Caldas-Risaralda-Quindío tienen la menor duración de Lactancia materna en Colombia, y la Lactancia materna Exclusiva en Risaralda es de 2.1 meses. Identificar los factores que determinaron la adherencia y el abandono de la lactancia materna en madres de dos comunidades de Dosquebradas, Colombia y el papel del profesional de la salud. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal sobre una muestra de 117 madres a quienes se aplicó una encuesta que indagó por aspectos biopsicosociales que impactan sobre la lactancia materna. Resultados: la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva tuvo una mediana de 5 meses y la complementaria una mediana de 10 meses La principal causa de adherencia fue “es el alimento ideal” (27,9%) y de abandono fue “poca producción de leche” (58,1%). Los factores que impactaron significativamente la duración la lactancia materna exclusiva fueron la ocupación de la madre, incomodidad al lactar, uso de sucedáneos de la leche y tiempo de lactancia materna complementaria. El rol del profesional de salud no impactó la duración de la lactancia materna. Conclusiones: existe una amplia brecha entre lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y lo practicado por las comunidades.

Introduction: breastfeeding is one of the most cost-effective strategies to decrease infant morbidity and mortality. UNICEF affirms that exclusive breastfeeding is 38 % for infant world population. The Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud reported that Caldas-Risaralda-Quindío have the shortest breastfeeding periods in Colombia, and exclusive breastfeeding periods averaging 2.1 months in Risaralda. Identify the factors that influence adherence and abandonment of breastfeeding, and the role of health care professionals, in mothers of two Colombian communities. Methods: it is a cross-sectional study on a representative sample of 117 mothers who completed a survey of biopsychosocial aspects that have an impact on breastfeeding. Results: a median of 5 months of exclusive breastfeeding and a median of 10 months of total breastfeeding was found. The main adherence reason was “it’s the ideal food” (27,9 %) and the main abandonment reason was “low milk supply” (58,1 %). It became clear that mother’s occupation, breastfeeding discomfort, use of breast-milk substitutes and complementary feeding duration, significantly impacts on exclusive breastfeeding duration. The role of health care professional didn’t impact on the breastfeeding time. Conclusions: there is a huge gap between the World Health Organization recommendations and the practice of the community.

Factores asociados a malformaciones congénitas: En un centro de tercer nivel región centro occidental - Colombia (ECLAMC) / Risk Factors associated with congenital malformations: in a center of high complexity in a coffee region area in Colombia

Resumen: determinar la asociación entre factores sociodemográficos, exposición a teratógenos y enfermedad materna, con la presencia de malformaciones congénitas en un centro de tercer nivel de la región centro occidental de Colombia durante el año 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico tipo casos y controles. Se analizaron variables maternas y del recién nacido, las cuales se presentaron como frecuencias y proporciones y se evaluaron usando las pruebas de Chi2(x2) y exacta de Fisher. Para determinar la asociación entre cada variable se calculó el Odds Ratio (OR) crudo, y Odds Ratio (ORa) ajustado para las variables que presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, posterior a esto se encontró mediante test de razón de verosimilitud que no habían diferencias importantes entre el modelo completo y el reducido, mostrando entonces valores de un modelo más parsimonioso, con un test de bondad de ajuste Hosmer-Lemeshow 0.19. Resultados: Las variables sociodemográficas edad y ocupación materna, se hallaron como factor de riesgo para desarrollar malformaciones congénitas OR=7.7 (2.4 - 24.5) y OR=2,01 (1,1-3,7) respectivamente. Además en la historia obstétrica se encontró mayor riesgo al tener ganancia de peso mayor al ideal con OR=3.0a (1.3-6.7) y una ganancia de peso menor a lo ideal OR= 2.3a(1.1-4.5) y como factores protectores ser hijo del mismo padre y fácil concepción con OR=0,37C (0,2-0.8) P=0.007 y OR=0,20a (0,1-0,7), Conclusión: la edad mayor de 35 años, trabajar fuera y ganancias de peso mayores o inferiores a lo ideal, fueron los principales factores de riesgo para malformaciones congénitas en este estudio y la fácil concepción se encontró como factor protector para dicha condición del neonato.

Objective: to determine the association between sociodemographic factors, exposure to teratogens and maternal disease, with the presence of congenital malformations in a third-level center in the central western region of Colombia during the year 2013. Methods: An analytical case-control study was conducted And controls. We analyzed maternal and newborn variables, which were presented as frequencies and proportions and were evaluated using Chi2 (x2) and Fisher’s exact tests. To determine the association between each variable we calculated the Odds Ratio (OR) crude, and Odds Ratio (ORa) adjusted for the variables that presented a statistically significant difference, after this it was found by test of likelihood ratio that no differences were found Important between the complete and the reduced model, showing values of a more parsimonious model, with a goodness-of-fit test Hosmer-Lemeshow 0.19. Results: sociodemographic variables age and maternal occupation were found to be a risk for developing congenital malformations OR= 7.7 (2.4-24.5) and OR=2.01 (1.13-3.69), respectively. In the obstetric history, greater risk was found to have greater weight gain than the ideal with OR = 3.0a (1.3-6.7) and a weight gain lower than the ideal OR = 2.3a (1.1-4.9) and as protective factors being Child of the same father and conceive easy OR = 0.37C (0.2-0.8) P = 0.007 and OR = 0.20a (0.1-0.7), Conclusion: Age over 35 years, work outside and A weight gain greater than ideal, or weight gain less than ideal, are major risk factors for congenital malformations found in this study, easy conception is found as a protective factor for congenital malformations.

Estudio de casos y controles de factores relacionados con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de medicina / Case-control study on factors related with the academic performance of medical students

Introducción: el bajo rendimiento y la consecuente deserción académica son problemas crecientes que pueden afectar la situación socio-económica de un país. Se han postulado los estilos de aprendizaje como factores determinantes del rendimiento académico y es necesario estudiarlos, con el fin de proponer estrategias encaminadas a su resolución. Objetivos: relacionar el estilo de aprendizaje y diferentes variables sociodemográficas con el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada del suroccidente colombiano. Métodos: participaron los estudiantes de medicina que cumplían los criterios de inclusión: caso por bajo rendimiento y su respectivo control, a quienes se les analizó variables sociodemográficas, académicas y estilos de aprendizaje; información que se obtuvo de la base de registro académico de la universidad ICESI, mediante un proceso avalado por el comité de ética de dicha universidad. Para el análisis, se usaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial por medio del software SPSS 19.0. Resultados: del total de la población (n= 340 estudiantes), 35 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, a quienes se les asignó el respectivo control. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el estilo de aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico general, ni con el rendimiento específico de las materias profesionales evaluadas. Tampoco se encontró relación entre el rendimiento académico y las variables sociodemográficas de la población a estudio. Conclusiones: el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes de medicina de nuestra población, puede estar influenciado por otras variables diferentes al estilo de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, se deben tener en cuenta las diversas limitaciones técnicas que este estudio pudo haber tenido(AU)

Introduction: low academic performance and dropout rates are consistently growing problems that can affect the socio-economic situation of a country. The determinants of the problem need to be identified, in order to propose strategies which could be adopted for a further solution. Objectives: Relate learning style and different sociodemographic variables with academic performance in medical students of a private university in southwestern Colombia. Methods: The study includes medical students which met the criteria for inclusion as a case for underperformance and its respective control. Socio-demographic, academic and learning style variables were analyzed with information obtained from the basis of the academic record from Icesi university. Through a process, supported by the ethics committee of the institution. For the analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics techniques were used by SPSS 19.0 software. Results: of the total population (n = 340 students), 35 met the criteria for eligibility and were assigned to their respective control. No statistically significant relationship between learning style and the general performance or the specific performance of professionalizing subjects was found. Nor relationship between academic performance and socio-demographic variables of the study population was found. Conclusions: academic performance in medical students in our population may be influenced by other different learning style variables. However, the technical limitations of the study should had been considered(AU)

New records of doryctine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Argentina, with the description of Shawius diiorioi Martínez sp. nov.

New distributional records of the genera Fritziella Marsh, Rhoptrocentrus Marshall and Shawius Marsh are reported. Fritziella plaumanni Marsh, Rhoptrocentrus piceus Marshall and Shawius braziliensis Marsh are newly reported from northern Argentina. Shawius diiorioi Martínez sp. nov. is described and illustrated from central and northern Argentina. The male of Shawius, previously unknown, is described and illustrated for the first time. All species were reared from Fabaceae and Celtidaceae infested by wood boring Coleoptera.

Sergey gen. n., a new doryctine genus from temperate forests of Mexico and Cuba (Hymenoptera, Braconidae).

The new doryctine genus Sergey gen. n. is described with four new species (Sergey cubaensis Zaldívar-Riverón & Martínez, sp. n., Sergey coahuilensis Zaldívar-Riverón & Martínez, sp. n., Sergey tzeltal Martínez & Zalídivar-Riverón, sp. n., Sergey tzotzil Martínez & Zalídivar-Riverón, sp. n.) from temperate forests of Mexico and Cuba. Similar to many other doryctine taxa, the new genus has a considerably elongated, petiolate basal sternal plate of the first metasomal tergite, although it can be distinguished from these by having the mesoscutum sharply declivous anteriorly with sharp anterolateral edges. The described species have been characterised molecularly based on two mitochondrial (COI, cyt b) and one nuclear (28S) gene markers. Based on the mitochondrial gene genealogies reconstructed, the evidence suggests the existence of incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization in the populations from Chiapas and Oaxaca assigned to Sergey tzeltal sp. n.

New species of Tetradiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing galls on Prosopis caldenia (Fabaceae) in Argentina.

Two new species of Tetradiplosis inducing galls on Prosopis caldenia are described from Argentina: Tetradiplosis panghitruz Martínez n. sp. and Tetradiplosis rayen Martínez n. sp. Tetradiplosispanghitruz induces multilocular galls on vegetative stems, whereas T. rayen induces unilocular galls containing multiple larvae on the rachis of the developing inflorescences. The adult male, female, pupa and larva are described and illustrated for both species. A key to the known species of the genus is provided.

Doryctopambolus Nunes & Zaldívar-Riverón (Braconidae), a new neotropical doryctine wasp genus with propodeal spines.

The new Neotropical doryctine genus Doryctopambolusgen. n. is erected to contain Doryctopambolus pilcomayensis (van Achterberg & Braet, 2004), comb. n., which was previously placed within Pambolus (Pambolinae), as well as three new species, Doryctopambolus clebschisp. n., Doryctopambolus dominicanussp. n. and Doryctopambolus sarochensissp. n. Members of this new genus are mainly characterised by the presence of at least one pair of conspicuous propodeal apico-lateral projections, which are similar to those present in all members of Pambolinae and in species of three Australasian doryctine genera. We generated DNA barcoding sequences for the three newly described species. We discuss the morphological similarity between species of the Australasian Echinodoryctes Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin and Doryctopambolus. A key for the described species of Doryctopambolus is provided.