Insulin signaling mediates neurodegeneration in glioma.

Cell to cell communication facilitates tissue development and physiology. Under pathological conditions, brain tumors disrupt glia-neuron communication signals that in consequence, promote tumor expansion at the expense of surrounding healthy tissue. The glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumors. This type of glioma expands and infiltrates into the brain, causing neuronal degeneration and neurological decay, among other symptoms. Here, we describe in a Drosophila model how glioblastoma cells produce ImpL2, an antagonist of the insulin pathway, which targets neighboring neurons and causes mitochondrial disruption as well as synapse loss, both early symptoms of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, glioblastoma progression requires insulin pathway attenuation in neurons. Restoration of neuronal insulin activity is sufficient to rescue synapse loss and to delay the premature death caused by glioma. Therefore, signals from glioblastoma to neuron emerge as a potential field of study to prevent neurodegeneration and to develop anti-tumoral strategies.

[AVOID COMMON MISTAKES IN REALIZATION OF A ELECTROCARDIOGRAM]. / Evitar errores comunes en Ia realización de unelectrocardiograma.

INTRODUCTION: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive technique to perform simple, economical, reproducible and provides valuable information that can be used to make the diagnosis of the patient and to guide clinical decisions. It is a diagnostic test used frequently as it can be done quickly, since it is done with a laptop and generally is always possible implementation in any field either primary care, specialty outpatient care. The diagnosis made by the ECG is considered valid in clinical practice, but is only effective if the electrodes are placed in the correct anatomical locations, if the hoses are properly attached to the electrodes, the registry maintains a good quality (the filters are used appropriate, interference and electrical noise are avoided) and ECG compares made by the same registration system (ECG 5 or 10 lead) for determining evolutionary changes (to determine changes in the ST segment during myocardial ischemia or assess the changes caused by reperfusion therapies). OBJECTIVE: To review the most common errors in electrocardiography, which are related to inappropriate placements of shunts, cross or exchange of patch cords limb leads, records of poor quality and comparisons of ECG serials made with different acquisition systems (10 vs 5 lead). CONCLUSIONS: We make the recommendations to prevent and avoid these scams that can lead to diagnosis and treatment with adverse outcomes for the patient.

Evitar errores comunes en la realización de un electrocardiograma / Avoid common mistakes in realization of a electrocardiogram

Introducción. El electrocardiograma (ECG) es una técnica no invasiva sencilla de realizar, económica, reproducible y que aporta información valiosa que puede utilizarse para la realización del diagnóstico del paciente y para dirigir las decisiones clínicas. Es una prueba de diagnóstico utilizada con frecuencia, que puede realizarse con rapidez -puesto que se realiza generalmente con un equipo portátil- y que se efectúa normalmente en cualquier ámbito, ya sea de Atención Primaria, atención especializada o extrahospitalaria. El diagnóstico realizado mediante el ECG se considera válido en la práctica asistencial, pero solo resulta efectivo si los electrodos se colocan en las localizaciones anatómicas correctas, si se unen adecuadamente los latiguillos a sus electrodos, si el registro mantiene una buena calidad (se utilizan los filtros apropiados, se evitan interferencias y ruido eléctrico) y se comparan los ECG realizados mediante el mismo sistema de registro (ECG de 5 o 10 latiguillos) para la determinación de cambios evolutivos (como para determinar cambios en el segmento ST durante la isquemia miocárdica o para valorar los cambios producidos por las terapias de reperfusión). Objetivo. Identificar los errores más usuales en electrocardiografía, que se relacionan con las colocaciones inadecuadas de derivaciones, cruce o intercambio de latiguillos de derivaciones de miembros, registros de poca calidad y comparaciones de ECG seriadas realizados con sistemas de adquisición diferentes (10 frente a 5 latiguillos). Conclusiones. Se realizan las recomendaciones para prevenir y evitar estos errores, que pueden conducir a diagnósticos y tratamientos con resultados adversos para el paciente (AU)

Introduction. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive technique to perform simple, economical, reproducible and provides valuable information that can be used to make the diagnosis of the patient and to guide clinical decisions. It is a diagnostic test used frequently as it can be done quickly, since it is done with a laptop and generally is always possible implementation in any field either primary care, specialty outpatient care. The diagnosis made by the ECG is considered valid in clinical practice, but is only effective if the electrodes are placed in the correct anatomical locations, if the hoses are properly attached to the electrodes, the registry maintains a good quality (the filters are used appropriate, interference and electrical noise are avoided) and ECG compares made by the same registration system (ECG 5 or 10 lead) for determining evolutionary changes (to determine changes in the ST segment during myocardial ischemia or assess the changes caused by reperfusion therapies). Objective. To review the most common errors in electrocardiography, which are related to inappropriate placements of shunts, cross or exchange of patch cords limb leads, records of poor quality and comparisons of ECG serials made with different acquisition systems (10 vs 5 lead). Conclusions. We make the recommendations to prevent and avoid these scams that can lead to diagnosis and treatment with adverse outcomes for the patient (AU)