Real-space observation of ultraconfined in-plane anisotropic acoustic terahertz plasmon polaritons.

Thin layers of in-plane anisotropic materials can support ultraconfined polaritons, whose wavelengths depend on the propagation direction. Such polaritons hold potential for the exploration of fundamental material properties and the development of novel nanophotonic devices. However, the real-space observation of ultraconfined in-plane anisotropic plasmon polaritons (PPs)-which exist in much broader spectral ranges than phonon polaritons-has been elusive. Here we apply terahertz nanoscopy to image in-plane anisotropic low-energy PPs in monoclinic Ag2Te platelets. The hybridization of the PPs with their mirror image-by placing the platelets above a Au layer-increases the direction-dependent relative polariton propagation length and the directional polariton confinement. This allows for verifying a linear dispersion and elliptical isofrequency contour in momentum space, revealing in-plane anisotropic acoustic terahertz PPs. Our work shows high-symmetry (elliptical) polaritons on low-symmetry (monoclinic) crystals and demonstrates the use of terahertz PPs for local measurements of anisotropic charge carrier masses and damping.

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of a maleic anhydride derivative: effect of subphase divalent cations.

We report the study of the equilibrium and dynamic properties of Langmuir monolayers of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) partial 2-buthoxyethyl ester cumene terminated polymer and the effect of the Mg(NO(3))(2) addition in the water subphase on the film properties. Results show that the polymer monolayer becomes more expanded when the electrolyte concentration in the subphase increases. Dense polymer films aggregate at the interface. The aggregates are transferred onto silicon wafers using the Langmuir-Blodgett methodology and the morphology is observed by AFM. The structure of aggregates depends on the subphase composition of the Langmuir film transferred onto the silicon wafer.

[Rigid gas permeable contact lenses fitted in a case of congenital glaucoma]. / Adaptación de lentes de contacto rígidas permeables al gas en un caso de glaucoma congénito.

CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old woman with congenital glaucoma with high myopia, low visual acuity and nystagmus in both eyes, was referred for contact lens fitting. We fitted her with aspherical rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses with high transmissibility, which she wore on a daily basis. Her visual acuity improved with the wearing of these lenses, which remained comfortable whilst being worn for 10 hours a day. DISCUSSION: Contact lenses were fitted according to her corneal topography. Gas permeable contact lenses were chosen as first choice and with proper fitting and vigilant follow-up they may be worn safely on a daily basis.

Adaptación de lentes de contacto rígidas permeables al gas en un caso de glaucoma congénito / Rigid gas permeable contact lenses fitted in a case of congenital glaucoma

Caso clínico: Mujer de 27 años tratada de glaucoma congénito con alta miopía, baja AV y nistagmus en ambos ojos, fue referida para adaptar lentes de contacto. Se adaptan lentes de contacto rígidas permeables a los gases (LC RPG) asféricas y de alta transmisibilidad en uso diario. La paciente mejoró la AV con confort durante 10 horas al día de porte. Discusión: La adaptación de lentes de contacto se realizó teniendo en cuenta la topografía corneal de la paciente. Consideramos las lentes de contacto permeables al gas como las lentes de primera elección para estos pacientes, que con una adecuada adaptación y seguimientos pueden utilizar con seguridad lentes de contacto RPG en uso diario

Case report: A 27-year-old woman with congenital glaucoma with high myopia, low visual acuity and nystagmus in both eyes, was referred for contact lens fitting. We fitted her with aspherical rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses with high transmissibility, which she wore on a daily basis. Her visual acuity improved with the wearing of these lenses, which remained comfortable whilst being worn for 10 hours a day. Discussion: Contact lenses were fitted according to her corneal topography. Gas permeable contact lenses were chosen as first choice and with proper fitting and vigilant follow-up they may be worn safely on a daily basis (Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2008; 83: 377-380)

Masa escrotal como resultado de la extensión de un pseudoquiste pancreático / Scrotal mass as result of the extension of a psseudocyst pancreatic

Las causas de orquitis son diversas y entre ellas se encuentran los procesos inflamatorios. Nosotros queremos comunicar el caso de un varón joven con clínica y exploración de orquitis, originada esta por la extensión de un pseudoquiste pancreático, no sospechado en un principio y descubierto por técnicas de imagen (AU)

There are several causes for orchitis and among them there are inflammatory process. We want to communicate the case of a young man with a clinical history and physical examination compatible with orchitis produced by the extension of a pancreatic pseudocyst that was not suspected in the beginning and discovered by imaging procedures (AU)

[Multifocal renal cell carcinoma on renal allograft]. / Carcinoma de células renales multicéntrico en injerto renal.

Development of neoplasms after a renal transplantation is well known, but allograft neoplasms are uncommon. Diagnostics studies include routine ultrasonography, and CT. In some selective cases, if the graft is functionally salvageable and it is technically feasible, a nephron-sparing surgery should be performed. In any case, standard intervention is nephrectomy. We report a case of multifocal renal cell carcinoma diagnosed in a kidney grafted 17 years before.

Carcinoma de células renales multicéntrico en injerto renal / Multifocal renal cell carcinoma on renal allograft

El desarrollo de neoplasias después de la realización de un trasplante es un hecho conocido; pero el desarrollo de una neoplasia sobre el órgano trasplantado es raro. Las pruebas diagnósticas incluyen la ecografía rutinaria y la TC. En algunos casos seleccionados, si el injerto es funcionante y es técnicamente factible, se puede realizar cirugía conservadora de nefronas. El patrón estándar de tratamiento es la trasplantectomía. Presentamos un caso de carcinoma renal multicéntrico en un riñón trasplantado 17 años antes

Development of neoplasms after a renal transplantation is well known, but allograft neoplasms are uncommon. Diagnostics studies include routine ultrasonography, and CT. In some selective cases, if the graft is functionally salvageable and it is technically feasible, a nephron-sparing surgery should be performed. In any case, standard intervention is nephrectomy. We report a case of multifocal renal cell carcinoma diagnosed in a kidney grafted 17 years before

Infección nosocomial y del sitio quirúrgico en un hospital de tercer nivel (2002-2005) / Nosocomial infection and infection of the surgical site in a third level hospital (2002-2005)

Introducción: La medida de las tasas de infección nosocomial constituye un indicador de calidad asistencial, permitiendo adoptar medidas de prevención y control. Se ha desarrollado un plan de vigilancia de infección nosocomial en los hospitales, demostrando ser un método eficaz para disminuir su incidencia. Objectivo: Conocer los indicadores y características de la infección nosocomial en general y de la infección del sitio quirúrgico en particular en un servicio de Urología de forma global y por procedimientos. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo mediante el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica entre 2002-2005 en 4.618 pacientes ingresados al menos 24 horas, practicándose un total de 3.096 intervenciones. Resultados: Se observó una tasa global de infección nosocomial del 6.10%, de infección urinaria del 3,42% y de infección del sitio quirúrgico del 2,81%. De esta última por procedimientos, la cistectomía se sitúa en el 22,8%, seguido de la cirugía del riñón y uréter (6,6%) y de la cirugía abierta de próstata (4,36%). Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados en la infección del sitio quirúrgico son EScherichia Coli (43,6%) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%). En la infección urinaria los gérmenes más frecuentes son Escherichia Coli (43,6%) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%). Conclusión: Las tasas de infección nosocomial son inferiores a los valores estandares publicados. La mayor tasa de infección del sitio quirúrgico se presenta en las cirugías más complejas técnicamente, siendo Escherichia Coli, el agente etiológico más frecuente. La vigilancia de la infección del sitio quirúrgico y factores relacionados permiten incorporar elementos de mejora en la práctica clínico-quirúrgica, aportando un indicador de referencia en análisis posteriores

Introduction: Nosocomial infection rates constitute an indicator of welfare quality, permitting to adopt measures of prevention and control. It has been developed a surveillance plan of the nosocomial infection in hospitals, showing to be an efficient method to diminish its incident. Objective: To know the indicators and characteristics of the nosocomial infection and of the infection of the site surgical particularly, in a urology service in a global form and by procedures. Material and Methods: prospective study by means of the epidemiological surveillance system from 2002 to 2005 in 4.618 patients hospitalised at least 24 hours, with a total of 3.096 surgical. Results: The overall incidence of nosocomial infection was 6,10%, 3,42% for urinary infection and 2,81% for the infection of the chirurgicalsite. For procedures, the incidence of the infection of the surgical site for cistectomy was 22,8% 6,6% for surgery of kidney and ureter and 4,36% for open surgery of prostate. Escherichia Coli (43,6%) was the most frequently isolated organism, accounting for 43,6&% of the causative organisms in the infection of the surgical site and 43,6% in the urinary infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the next organism in frecuency with a 15% in both infections. Conclusion: Our nosocomial infection rates are lower than the published standard values. The main infection rate of the surgical sites present in the most complex surgical techniques, whereas Escherichia Coli is the most frecuently isolated ethiological agent. The surveillance of the infection of the surgical site and related factors permit to incorporate improvements int he clinical-surgical practice which will be an indicator of reference in subsequent analysis

[In vitro three-dimensional reconstruction of human bladder mucosa]. / Reconstrucción tridimensional in vitro de mucosa vesical humana.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to human urothelium, to reconstruct an in vitro three-dimensional human bladder mucosa, suitable for grafting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biopsy specimens of human bladder mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing suprapubic prostatectomy, in vitro cultured and finally, an immunohistochemical study was made. RESULTS: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding. We used a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. An immature epithelium was obtained with a weak immunostaining to cytokeratins. The immunohistochemical study could not demonstrate the development of basement membrane. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues like the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time, which needs the matrix interactions in order to mature.

Reconstrucción tridimensional in vitro de mucosa vesical humana / In vitro three-dimensional reconstruction of human bladder mucosa

Objetivo: Aplicar las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos así como los principios de la ingeniería tisular al epitelio urinario humano, con el fin de reconstruir tridimensionalmente una mucosa vesical humana in vitro, apta para trasplantar. Material y Métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa vesical de pacientes programados para cirugía abierta de próstata, previo consentimiento de los mismos, las cuales fueron cultivadas in vitro, para proceder posteriormente al estudio histomorfológico de los tejidos obtenidos. Resultados: Se obtuvo un tejido tridimensional compuesto por una submucosa bioartificial a base de un gel de fibrina y fibroblastos, sobre la que descansan las células uroepiteliales, pudiendo utilizar una malla de ácido poliglicólico, que facilite la manipulación de la mucosa y el posterior injerto de la misma. El tejido obtenido tenía el aspecto de un epitelio inmaduro con muy escasa reacción a citoqueratinas, sin poderse demostrar inmunohistoquímicamente el desarrollo de una membrana basal. Conclusiones: Las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos son aplicables a otros epitelios, entre ellos el urotelio humano. En un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto se puede obtener un tejido in vitro tridimensional apto para trasplantar, precisando posiblemente de las interacciones con el lecho receptor para poder madurar

Objetive: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to human urothelium, to reconstruct an in vitro three-dimensional human bladder mucosa, suitable for grafting. Material and Methods: Biopsy specimens of human bladder mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing suprapubic prostatectomy, in vitro cultured and finally, an immunohistochemical study was made. Results: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding. We used a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. An immature epithelium was obtained with a weak immunostaining to cytokeratins. The immunohistochemical study could not demonstrate the development of basement membrane. Conclusions: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues like the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time, which needs the matrix interactions in order to mature

[Testicular epidermoid cyst: uncommon lesion of difficult preoperative diagnosis]. / Quiste epidermoide testicular: una rara entidad de dificil diagnostico preoperatorio.

Intratesticular epidermoid cysts are rare tumours that constitute one percent of all testicular masses. They are bening lesions that make differential diagnosis from malignant testicular tumours difficult. The absence of serum markers elevation and ultrasound imaging could support these lesions being bening epidermoid cysts, and in that case, conservative surgery is adequate. We present the case of a 22 years old patient who complains of a left testicular mass. In this case ultrasound diagnosis was non-specific and a left radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed.

Tumor renal en ectopia renal cruzada con fusión / Renal cell carcinoma in crossed fused renal ectopia

La ectopia renal cruzada es una anomalía renal congénita poco frecuente y en la mayoría de los casos se presenta con fusión de ambos riñones. Estos pacientes suelen permanecer asintomáticos hasta la 4ª-5ª década y desarrollar entonces problemas de infecciones urinarias, litiasis, masa abdominal o dolor que simula un problema gastrointestinal. Presentamos el caso de un tumor de células renales aparecido en un paciente con ectopia renal cruzada con fusión, descubierto en un TAC realizado por sospecha de patología gastrointestinal (AU)

Crossed renal ectopia its a rare congenital malformation and in most cases it presents with fusion of both kidneys. Patients should be asynptomatic until 4ª-5ª decade and at that time they unfold urinary infection, urolithiasis, abdominal mass or pain that simulates a gastric disease. We report a case of renal cell carcinoma in a patient with crossed fused renal ectopia, showed in a Scan that was performed for gastric disease suspicion (AU)

Quiste epidermoide testicular: una rara entidad de difícil diagnostico preoperatorio / Testicular epidermoid cyst: uncommon lesion of difficult preoperative diagnosis

Los quistes epidermoides intratesticulares son tumores raros, constituyendo el 1% de todos los tumores testiculares. Se trata de tumoraciones benignas que plantean un difícil diagnóstico diferencial preoperatorio frente a los tumores malignos testiculares. La ausencia de elevación de los marcadores tumorales y la apariencia ecográfica, pueden orientar hacia su diagnóstico preoperatorio y en este caso la cirugía conservadora del testículo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 22 años que consulta por una masa en el testículo izquierdo. En este caso, el diagnóstico ecográfico preoperatorio no descartaba otras patologías por lo que se procedió a la realización de orquiectomía inguinal izquierda (AU)

Intratesticular epidermoid cysts are rare tumours that constitute one percent of all testicular masses. They are bening lesions that make differential diagnosis from malignant testicular tumours difficult. The absence of serum markers elevation and ultrasound imaging could support these lesions being bening epidermoid cysts, and in that case, conservative surgery is adequate. We present the case of a 22 years old patient who complains of a left testicular mass. In this case ultrasound diagnosis was non-specific and a left radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed (AU)

[Comparative study between cystoscopy, urinary cytology, NMP-22 and a new method, bladder chek, in the follow-up of superficial bladder cell carcinoma]. / Estudio comparativo entre cistoscopia, citología urinaria, NMP-22 y un nuevo método, bladder chek, en el seguimiento del cáncer vesical superficial.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work tries to evaluate the utility of the qualitative determination of NMP-22 in the evaluation of the superficial bladder carcinoma in asymptomatic patients, comparing it with its quantitative determination, the cytology and the cystoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simple of urine just voided was taken in 88 asymptomatic patient follow-up for superficial bladder cell carcinoma. This dose was distributed in 3 parts, for performed cytology, for determination of NMP-22, and 4 drops of the third part are added to device bladder chek. Later, we performed cystoscopy and transurethral resection in patients with a suspicion of bladder cancer. RESULTS: 26 patients had tumor relapse and 62 patients were free of disease. The sensitivity for the bladder chek was of 28%, 34.62% for NMP-22, 34.62% for cytology and 100% for cystoscopy. The specificity was of 93.55%, 80.33%, 87.10% and 87.10% respectively. The sensitivity by degree was 25 in G1, 28.57 in G2 and 50 in G3 for Bladder chek; 29.41, 42.86 and 50 for NMP-22; 23.53, 71.43 and 0 for cytology. The sensitivity by stages was 27.7 in Ta-1 and 50 in T2 for Bladder chek; 34.78 and 50 for NMP-22; 39.13 and 0 for the cytology. CONCLUSIONS: The low sensitivity of bladder chek invalidates it like alternative method to the cystoscopy in the follow-up of the superficial asymptomatic bladder cell carcinoma.

[Surgical aspects in the third and fourth kidney retransplant]. / Aspectos quirúrgicos en los terceros y cuartos retrasplantes renales.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A quarter of patients waiting for kidney transplantation are patients with previous graft failure. Outcome of first and second renal transplant make these the gold standard for end renal stage disease, but this is not so clear in the case of third and further renal transplant, especially at the time of organ shortage. We revise our experience in patients with three or more kidney transplants focusing on surgical aspects and graft outcome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 1364 renal transplants have been carried out in our centre since 1975 until December 2003. We have retrospectively revised the 34 patients with three renal transplants and the 5 with four. We analyse the surgical technique, surgical complications and graft outcome. RESULTS: Mean age was 42 years (21-65). Average mismatches between donor and recipient was 3.2. All kidneys, but one case of living donor, were harvested from cadaver donors, mostly in multiple organ-procurement. Average time from the last renal transplant was 5 years (3 days-17 years) and from the last transplant carried out in the iliac fossa reused until the new transplant was 9 years (3 days- 17.5 years). All implants were performed through an iterative lumboliliac incision (25 on the right side, 11 on the left one and in 3 cases where side was not registered). Mean average duration of the procedure was 166 minutes (100-300). Nephrectomy of previous graft at the moment of the implant was carried out in 13 patients (33%). Vascular anastomosis was made on the common iliac vessels (50%) or on the external ones (50%) in end to side way, Ureteroneocystostomy was performed in an extravesical way except in 1 patient with cutaneous diversion. Vascular complications were 4 haemorrages (1 patient died), 3 venous and 2 arterial thrombosis. We had an abscess secondary to intestinal fistulae. Other surgical complications were 4 lymphoceles, three of them needed surgical treatment, and one perirenal haematoma treated in a conservative way. No urological complications were seen. In total 6 grafts (15%) were lost due to surgical complications. Graft actuarial survival rate at 1 year was 65%, 40% at 5 and 28% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Three and four renal transplant survival rates are shorter than first and second ones. Iterative access through lumboiliac incision is associated with a higher vascular complication rate, probably in these patients a transperitoneal access would be better. Multicentric studies with higher numbers of patients are needed to define more clearly which patients would benefit from multiple kidney retransplants.

Estudio comparativo entre cistoscopia, citología urinaria, NMP-22 y un nuevo método, bladder chek, en el seguimiento del cáncer vesical superficial / Comparative study between cystoscopy, urinary cytologym, NMP-22 and new method, bladder chek, in the follow-up of the superficial bladder cell carcinoma

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la determinación cualitativa del NMP-22 en el seguimiento del carcinoma vesical superficial en pacientes asintomáticos, comparándolo con su determinación cuantitativa, la citología y la cistoscopia. Material y Métodos: 88 pacientes asintomáticos en seguimiento por carcinoma vesical superficial se les recogió una muestra de orina recién emitida, repartiéndose en 3 alícuotas, para citología, NMP-22 y 4 gotas se añaden al dispositivo Bladder chek, para su lectura en 30 minutos. Posteriormente, cistoscopia y RTU-vesical en sospecha de recidiva. Resultados: 26 pacientes tenían recidiva tumoral y 62 estaban libres de enfermedad. La sensibilidad fue del 28% para el Bladder chek, 34.62% para el NMP-22, 34.62% para la citología y de 100%para la cistoscopia. La especificidad fue de 93.55%, 80.33%, 87.10% y 87.10% respectivamente. La sensibilidad por grado fue: 25 en G1, 28.57 en G2 y 50 para G3 en Bladder chek, de 29.41, 42.86, 50 para NMP-22 respectivamente, 23.53, 71.43, 0 para la citología. Por estadios la sensibilidad fue: 27.27 para Ta-1 y 50 en T2 para Bladder chek, 34.78, 50 para NMP-22 y 39.13, 0 para la citología. Conclusiones: La baja sensibilidad del Bladder chek lo invalida como método alternativo a la cistoscopia en el seguimiento del carcinoma vesical superficial asintomático (AU)

Objective: The goal of this work tries to evaluate the utility of the qualitative determination of NMP-22 in the evaluation of the superficial bladder carcinoma in asymptomatic patients, comparing it with its quantitative determination, the cytology and the cystoscopy. Materials and Methods: A simple of urine just voided was taken in 88 asymptomatic patient follow-up for superficial bladder cell carcinoma. This dose was distributed in 3 parts, for performed cytology, for determination of NMP-22, and 4 drops of the third part are added to device bladder chek. Later, we performered cystoscopy and transurethral resection in patients with a suspicion of bladder cancer. Results: 26 patients had tumor relapse and 62 patients were free of disease. The sensitivity for the bladder chek was of 28%, 34.62% for NMP-22, 34.62% for cytology and 100% for cystoscopy. The specificity was of 93.55%, 80.33%, 87.10% and 87.10% respectively. The sensitivity by degree was 25 in G1, 28.57 in G2 and 50 inG3 for Bladder chek; 29.41, 42.86and 50 for NMP-22; 23.53, 71.43 and 0 for cytology. The sensitivity by stages was 27.7 in Ta-1 and 50 in T2 for Bladder chek; 34.78 and 50 for NMP-22; 39.13 and 0 for the cytology. Conclusions: The low sensitivity of bladder chek invalidates it like alternative method to the cystoscopy in the follow-up of the superficial asymptomatic bladder cell carcinoma (AU)

Aspectos quirúrgicos en los terceros y cuartos retrasplantes renales / Surgical aspects in the third and fourth kidney retransplant

Introducción y objetivos: El fracaso de un injerto renal previo constituye la cuarta parte de los pacientes en lista de espera para trasplante renal. Si bien los resultados de los primeros y segundos trasplantes hacen que sean el tratamiento prioritario de la insuficiencia renal crónica, no es tan evidente que el tercer o más trasplante sea la mejor elección especialmente dada la escasez de órganos. Revisamos nuestra experiencia en pacientes con tres o más trasplantes renales con especial atención a los aspectos quirúrgicos y evolución del injerto. Material y método: Entre 1975 y diciembre de 2003 hemos realizado 1.364 trasplantes renales. Hacemos una revisión retrospectiva de los 34 pacientes con 3 trasplantes y 5 con 4 trasplantes. Analizamos fundamentalmente la técnica y complicaciones quirúrgicas y la evolución del injerto. Resultados: La edad media fue de 42 años (21-65). La media de incompatibilidades entre donante y receptor fue de 3,2. Todos, excepto 1 caso de donante vivo, fueron donantes cadáveres, la mayoría multiorgánicos. El tiempo medio desde el trasplante previo fue de 5 años (3 días-17 años) y entre la última cirugía en la fosa ilíaca reutilizada y el trasplante fue de 9 años (3 días y 17,5 años). En todos los casos se utilizó una incisión lumboilíaca iterativa (25 derecha, 11 izquierda, 3 no consta); el mayor problema quirúrgico fue la existencia de fibrosis en la fosa ilíaca. La duración media de la intervención fue de 166 minutos (100-300). En 13 pacientes (33%) se realizó trasplantectomía en el mismo acto quirúrgico. La anastomosis vascular se hizo en los vasos ilíacos comunes (50%) o externos (50%). La ureteroneocistostomía se hizo mediante técnica extravesical excepto en 1 caso con derivación a piel. Complicaciones vasculares: 4 hemorragias (1 exitus), 3 trombosis venosas y 2 arteriales. Hubo 1 absceso del lecho secundario a una fístula intestinal. Otras complicaciones fueron 4 linfoceles precisando tratamiento quirúrgico 3 de ellos y un hematoma perirenal que no precisó cirugía. No hubo complicaciones urológicas. En total se perdieron 6 injertos (15%) por las complicaciones quirúrgicas. La supervivencia actuarial del injerto fue del 65% al año, 40% a los 5 años y 28% a los 10. Conclusiones: La supervivencia de los 3º y 4º trasplantes renales es menor que la de los 1º y 2º. La cirugía mediante abordaje iterativo es dificultosa y se asocia a un mayor índice de complicaciones vasculares. Se precisan estudios multicéntricos con un mayor número de pacientes para poder concluir qué pacientes se beneficiarían de los múltiples retrasplantes (AU)

Introduction and objectives: A quarter of patients waiting for kidney transplantation are patients with previous graft failure. Outcome of first and second renal transplant make these the gold standard for end renal stage disease, but this is not so clear in the case of third and further renal transplant, especially at the time of organ shortage. We revise our experience in patients with three or more kidney transplants focusing on surgical aspects and graft outcome. Material and method: 1364 renal transplants have been carried out in our centre since 1975 until December 2003. We have retrospectively revised the 34 patients with three renal transplants and the 5 with four. We analyse the surgical technique, surgical complications and graft outcome. Results: Mean age was 42 years (21-65). Average mismatches between donor and recipient was 3.2. All kidneys, but one case of living donor, were harvested from cadaver donors, mostly in multiple organ-procurement. Average time from the last renal transplant was 5 years (3 days-17 years) and from the last transplant carried out in the iliac fossa reused until the new transplant was 9 years (3 days-17.5 years). All implants were performed through an iterative lumboliliac incision (25 on the right side, 11 on the left one and in 3 cases where side was not registered). Mean average duration of the procedure was 166 minutes (100-300). Nephrectomy of previous graft at the moment of the implant was carried out in 13 patients (33%). Vascular anastomosis was made on the common iliac vessels (50%) or on the external ones (50%) in end to side way. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed in an extravesical way except in1 patient with cutaneous diversion. Vascular complications were 4 haemorrages (1 patient died), 3 venous and 2 arterial thrombosis. We had an abscess secondary to intestinal fistulae. Other surgical complications were 4 lymphoceles, three of them needed surgical treatment, and one perirenal haematoma treated in a conservative way. No urological complications were seen. In total 6 grafts (15%) were lost due to surgical complications. Graft actuarial survival rate at 1 year was 65%, 40% at 5 and 28% at 10 years. Conclusions: Three and four renal transplant survival rates are shorter than first and second ones. Iterative access through lumboiliac incision is associated with a higher vascular complication rate, probably in these patients a transperitoneal access would be better. Multicentric studies with higher numbers of patients are needed to define more clearly which patients would benefit from multiple kidney retransplants (AU)

[Renal cell carcinoma in crossed fused renal ectopia]. / Tumor renal en ectopia renal cruzada con fusión.

Crossed renal ectopia its a rare congenital malformation and in most cases it presents with fusion of both kidneys. Patients should be asynptomatic until 4a-5a decade and at that time they unfold urinary infection, urolithiasis, abdominal mass or pain that simulates a gastric disease. We report a case of renal cell carcinoma in a patient with crossed fused renal ectopia, showed in a Scan that was performed for gastric disease suspicion.

Estudio experimental sobre la viabilidad del injerto libre de epitelio urinario autólogo cultivado in vitro / Experimental study about viability of autologous free graft in vitro cultivated urinary epithelium

OBJETIVO: Con el presente trabajo pretendimos aplicar las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos así como los principios de la ingeniería tisular al epitelio urinario, con el fin de conseguir un tejido autólogo tridimensional apto para trasplantar, y confirmar a su vez la viabilidad del injerto libre del mismo en un modelo experimental. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se procedió a un diseño experimental en el animal de laboratorio donde se aplicaron las técnicas del cultivo celular y de la ingeniería de tejidos. Se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa vesical de conejo, las cuales fueron cultivadas in vitro, implantándose posteriormente el tejido obtenido en cada animal, estableciéndose 3 grupos, con diferentes periodos de seguimiento (7,14 y 30 días), para proceder al estudio histomorfológico de la viabilidad de dichos implantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un tejido tridimensional compuesto por una submucosa bioartificial a base de un gel de fibrina y fibroblastos, sobre la que descansan las células uroepiteliales, utilizando una malla de ácido poliglicólico, la cual facilitó la manipulación del tejido y el posterior injerto del mismo. Todos los implantes resultaron viables y se pudo comprobar como los injertos con mayor periodo de seguimiento (30 días) se encontraban mejor conformados, con múltiples capas celulares. CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos son aplicables a otros epitelios, entre ellos el urinario. En un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto se puede obtener un tejido in vitro tridimensional apto para trasplantar. El estudio histológico puso de manifiesto que el injerto libre de epitelio urinario autólogo cultivado es totalmente viable, apuntando futuras aplicaciones clínicas

OBJETIVE: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to urothelium, to obtain a three-dimensional autologous tissue suitable for grafting. We also showed the viability of free graft cultured urothelium in an experimental model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An animal experimental model was designed to apply the techniques of cellular culture and tissue engineering. Biopsy specimens of bladder mucosa were obtained, in vitro cultured and posteriorly implanted in each animal. We established three groups based on different follow-up periods (7, 14 and 30 days), and made a final histomorphological study to demonstrate the viability of the graft at the end of its respective follow-up period. RESULTS: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding; a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh was used to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. In the morphological study all the implants appeared viable, but the grafts with longer implantations periods were better conformed, showing a tisular structure with multiple cellular layers. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues as the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time. The histological study demonstrated that free autologous urothelial graft is totally viable, opening future clinics applications

Estado actual de la ingeniería de tejidos en urología. Revisión de la literatura / Current state of the tissue engineering in urology. Revision of the literature

En la década de los 80 surge un nuevo campo de la medicina que aplica los principios del cultivo celular a polímeros sintéticos biodegradables de soporte con el fin de crear sustitutos biológicos autólogos que puedan mejorar, mantener o restaurar la función de órganos o tejidos dañados. La Ingeniería Tisular constituye una nueva disciplina en plena fase de desarrollo, especialmente en USA, con múltiples potenciales aplicaciones en las diferentes especialidades médicas. Nuestra especialidad no puede permanecer ajena al interés y esperanzador futuro suscitado por esta nueva ciencia. En el presente trabajo realizamos una amplia revisión bibliográfica en Medline con objeto de conocer los antecedentes, estado actual y las posibles aplicaciones futuras de la Ingeniería de Tejidos en Urología

In the eighties a new field of the medicine appears wich applies the principles of cellular cultivation to synthetic biodegradable polymers scaffolds with the purpose of creating autologous biological substitutes that could improve, maintain or restore the function of organs or damaged tissues. The Tissue Engineering constitutes a new discipline in full phase of development especially in USA, with multiple potential applications in several medical specialities. Our speciality can’t remain indifferent to interest and encouraging future originated by this new science. In this work we have made a wide bibliographical revision in the Medline to know the antecedents, current state and the possible future applications of Tissue Engineering in Urology