Joint International SILACO, SICCMII, ISASS Symposium as a Model for a Collaborative Framework to Create Literature on Advances in Spine Surgery, Patient Care, and Policy.

International collaborations can be the key to overcoming innovation implementation hurdles. The authors report on a joint symposium between the International Society For The Advancement of Spine Surgery (ISASS) and La Sociedad Iberolatinoamerica de Columna (SILACO), and La Sociedad Interamericana de Cirurgia de columna de Minima invasión (SICCMII) aimed at improving joint surgeon education programs. The symposium highlighted that patient-related spine care issues are similar across geographical, cultural, and language barriers. The sustainability of such programs depends on funding and mutually respectful relationships orchestrated by multi-lingual leaders who will bridge gaps created by geographical, cultural, and language barriers to effectively develop clinical research content focused on advancing surgeon education and improving patient outcomes across the Americas.

Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy Combined With an Interspinous Process Distraction System for Spinal Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The combination of the percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression (PTED) with an interspinous process distraction system (IPS) may offer additional benefit in the treatment of spinal stenosis in patients who have failed nonsurgical treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 33 patients diagnosed with lumbar stenosis and radiculopathy and treated them with transforaminal endoscopic lumbar decompression between 2013 and 2017. Primary outcome measures were modified Macnab as well as preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) criteria and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Only patients with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients were treated with a combination of PTED and percutaneous IPS (group A), and 5 patients were treated with PTED and mini-open IPS (group B). In group A patients, there was a 4.48 reduction in the VAS score. The ODI changed from 50.25 preoperatively to 18.2 postoperatively, and excellent and good Macnab outcomes were obtained in 78% of patients. In group B patients, the mean VAS reduction was 5.2 points. The ODI changed from 44.34 preoperatively to 14.62 postoperatively, and 80% of group B patients achieved excellent and good Macnab outcomes. No complications related to PTED or IPS were observed throughout the 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of IPS to the PTED procedure in select patients may offer additional benefits to patients being treated for lumbar lateral stenosis and foraminal stenosis with low-grade spondylolisthesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Feasibility study.

Surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy using an anterior cervical endoscopic decompression.

BACKGROUND: Anterior endoscopic cervical decompression with discectomy and foraminotomy is an alternative to open surgical treatment of unrelenting cervical radiculopathy (CR) in patients who have failed non-operative treatment. The purpose of the study is to present the clinical outcomes of patient with CR treated with an anterior endoscopic approach. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 293 patients diagnosed with CR and treated with an anterior endoscopic cervical decompression between 1997 and 2018. Primary outcome measures were modified Macnab as well as pre- and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) criteria. RESULTS: The average surgical time was 65 minutes. At 12 months follow-up, Excellent and Good Macnab outcomes were achieved in 90.1% of patients. The average VAS score reduction was 5.6. Complications occurred in 8 patients and were treated with a second procedure in 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior endoscopic cervical decompression is an attractive alternative to open anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with a low complication and reoperations rate.

Surgeon motivation, and obstacles to the implementation of minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the motivators and obstacles to the implementation of minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques (MISST) by spinal surgeons. Motivators and detractors may impact the availability of MISST to patients and drive spine surgeons' clinical decision-making in the treatment of common degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine. METHODS: The authors solicited responses to an online survey sent to spine surgeons by email, and chat groups in social media networks including Facebook, WeChat, WhatsApp, and Linkedin. Descriptive statistics were employed to count the responses and compared to the surgeon's training. Kappa statistics and linear regression analysis of agreement were performed. RESULTS: A total of 430 surgeons accessed the survey. The completion rate was 67.4%. A total of 292 surveys were submitted by 99 neurosurgeons (33.9%), 170 orthopaedic surgeons (58.2%), and 23 surgeons of other postgraduate training (7.9%). Personal interest (82.5%) and patient demand (48.6%) were the primary motivators for MISST implementation. High equipment (48.3%) and disposables (29.1%) cost were relevant obstacles to MISST implementation. Local workshops (47.6%) and meetings in small groups (31.8%) were listed as the primary knowledge sources. Only 12% of surgeons were fellowship trained, but 46.3% of surgeons employed MISST in over 25% of their cases. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of implementation of MISST reported by spine surgeons was found to be high but impeded by the high cost of equipment and disposables. The primary motivators for spine surgeons' desire to implement were personal interest and patient demand.

Regional variations in acceptance, and utilization of minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques among spine surgeons: results of a global survey.

BACKGROUND: Regional differences in acceptance and utilization of MISST by spine surgeons may have an impact on clinical decision-making and the surgical treatment of common degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acceptance and utilization of various minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques (MISST) by spinal surgeons the world over. METHODS: The authors solicited responses to an online survey sent to spine surgeons by email, and chat groups in social media networks including Facebook, WeChat, WhatsApp, and Linkedin. Surgeons were asked the following questions: (I) Do you think minimally invasive spinal surgery is considered mainstream in your area and practice setting? (II) Do you perform minimally invasive spinal surgery? (III) What type of MIS spinal surgery do you perform? (IV) If you are performing endoscopic spinal decompression surgeries, which approach do you prefer? The responses were cross-tabulated by surgeons' demographic data, and their practice area using the following five global regions: Africa & Middle East, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Pearson Chi-Square measures, Kappa statistics, and linear regression analysis of agreement or disagreement were performed by analyzing the distribution of variances using statistical package SPSS Version 25.0. RESULTS: A total of 586 surgeons accessed the survey. Analyzing the responses of 292 submitted surveys regional differences in opinion amongst spine surgeons showed that the highest percentage of surgeons in Asia (72.8%) and South America (70.2%) thought that MISST was accepted into mainstream spinal surgery in their practice area (P=0.04) versus North America (62.8%), Europe (52.8%), and Africa & Middle East region (50%). The percentage of spine surgeons employing MISST was much higher per region than the rate of surgeons who thought it was mainstream: Asia (96.7%), Europe (88.9%), South America (88.9%), and Africa & Middle East (87.5%). Surgeons in North America reported the lowest rate of MISST implementation globally (P<0.000). Spinal endoscopy (59.9%) is currently the most commonly employed MISST globally followed by mini-open approaches (55.1%), and tubular retractor systems (41.8%). The most preferred endoscopic approach to the spine is the transforaminal technique (56.2%) followed by interlaminar (41.8%), full endoscopic (35.3%), and over the top MISST (13.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of implementation of MISST into day-to-day clinical practice reported by spine surgeons was universally higher than the perceived acceptance rates of MISST into the mainstream by their peers in their practice area. The survey suggests that endoscopic spinal surgery is now the most commonly performed MISST.

Standalone lordotic endoscopic wedge lumbar interbody fusion (LEW-LIF™) with a threaded cylindrical peek cage: report of two cases.

We report two cases of a standalone lordotic endoscopic wedge lumbar interbody fusion (LEW-LIF™) with a stress-neutral non-expandable cylindrical threaded polyether ether ketone (PEEK) interbody fusion implant. Patients underwent full-endoscopic transforaminal decompression and fusion for symptomatic lateral recess stenosis due to disc herniation, and hypertrophy of the facet joint complex and ligamentum flavum and no more than grade I spondylolisthesis. Lumbar interbody fusion with cages traditionally calls for posterior supplemental fixation with pedicle screws for added stability. A more simplified version of lumbar decompression and fusion without pedicle screws would allow treating patients suffering from stenosis and instability induced sciatica-type low back and leg pain in an outpatient ambulatory surgery center setting (ASC). This would realize a significant reduction in cost as well as the burden to the patient with decreased postoperative pain and earlier return to function. A 62-year-old female patient had surgery at L4/5 for a 6-year history of worsening right sided sciatica-type leg- and low back pain. Another 79-year-old female had the same surgical management at L4/5 for a 5-year history of unrelenting left-sided spondylolisthesis-related symptoms. Both patients had an uneventful postoperative course until the last available follow-up of 24 weeks with greater than 60% VAS and Oswestry disability index (ODI) reductions. There was no evidence of implant expulsion, subsidence, or postoperative instability. We concluded that standalone outpatient lumbar transforaminal endoscopic interbody fusion with a non-expandable threaded cylindrical cage is feasible, and favorable clinical outcomes provide proof of concept to study long-term clinical outcomes in larger groups of patients.

Anterior percutaneous cervical discectomy. two-year follow-up of a blunt technique procedure / Discotomia cervical percutânea anterior. dois anos de acompanhamento de um procedimento com técnica romba / Discectomía cervical anterior percutánea. dos años de seguimiento de una técnica roma

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the outcomes of non-endoscopic percutaneous cervical discectomy by anterior blunt approach for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Methods: A review of the medical records of patients with axial cervical pain resulting from degenerative disc disease and treated with discectomy and percutaneous nucleoplasty by anterior blunt approach with radiofrequency source was carried out. The data were evaluated according to modified MacNab and pre- and postoperative VAS criteria at 3, 12 and 24 months. Results: Sixty-two procedures were performed in 48 patients between 2008 and 2014. The mean age of the population was 52.4 years. MacNab results were 84.6%, 92.3%, and 89.2% improvement (excellent and good results) at 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. The VAS changed from 7.4 to 2.3 two years after the procedure, showing a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). There were no major complications or re-interventions related to the technique. Conclusions: Anterior non-endoscopic discectomy and nucleoplasty for the treatment of discogenic axial cervical pain may be an effective alternative to open surgery. In the two-year follow-up, our blunt technique proved to be a safe procedure with no approach-related complications, and provided outcomes comparable to those reported using the original needle technique.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar os resultados de discotomia percutânea não endoscópica por acesso anterior rombo para tratamento de doença degenerativa do disco. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão dos prontuários clínicos de pacientes com dor cervical axial decorrente de doença degenerativa do disco e tratados com discotomia e nucleoplastia percutâneas não endoscópicas por acesso anterior rombo com fonte de radiofrequência. Os dados foram avaliados de acordo com MacNab modificado e os critérios pré e pós-operatórios da EVA aos 3, 12 e 24 meses. Resultados: Um total de 62 procedimentos foi realizado em 48 pacientes entre 2008 e 2014. A média de idade da população foi de 52,4 anos. Os resultados de MacNab obtidos foram 84,6%, 92,3% e 89,2% de melhora (resultados excelentes e bons) aos 3, 12 e 24 meses, respectivamente. A EVA passou de 7,4 para 2,3 dois anos depois do procedimento, mostrando diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,000). Não houve complicações importantes ou reintervenções relacionadas com a técnica. Conclusões: A discotomia e nucleoplastia não endoscópicas anteriores para tratamento da dor cervical axial discogênica podem ser uma alternativa efetiva à cirurgia aberta. Nos dois anos de acompanhamento, nossa técnica romba provou ser um procedimento seguro, sem complicações relacionadas com o acesso e proporcionou resultados comparáveis aos relatados quando se usa a técnica original com agulha.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reportar los resultados de la discectomía percutánea no endoscópica a través de abordaje anterior romo para el tratamiento de la enfermedad degenerativa del disco. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con dolor cervical axial resultante de enfermedad degenerativa del disco y tratados con discectomía y nucleoplastia percutáneas no endoscópicas por abordaje anterior romo con fuente de radiofrecuencia. Los datos fueron evaluados de acuerdo con MacNab modificado y los criterios pre y postoperatorios de EVA a los 3, 12 y 24 meses. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 62 procedimientos en 48 pacientes entre 2008 y 2014. La edad promedio de la población fue de 52,4 años. Los resultados de MacNab obtenidos fueron 84,6%, 92,3% y 89,2% de mejora (resultados excelentes y buenos) a los 3, 12 y 24 meses, respectivamente. La EVA cambió de 7,4 a 2,3 dos años después del procedimiento, mostrando diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,000). No hubo complicaciones importantes o reintervenciones relacionadas con la técnica. Conclusiones: La discectomía y nucleoplastia no endoscópicas anteriores para el tratamiento del dolor cervical axial discogénico pueden ser una alternativa efectiva a la cirugía abierta. En los dos años de seguimiento, nuestra técnica roma demostró ser un procedimiento seguro, sin complicaciones relacionadas con el abordaje y proporcionó resultados comparables a los reportados cuando se usa la técnica original con aguja.

Complications of non-endoscopic discectomy: a retrospective study of twenty-one years / Complicações da discotomia não endoscópica: estudo retrospectivo de vinte e um anos / Complicaciones de la discectomía no endoscópica: estudio retrospectivo de veintiún años

ABSTRACT Objective: To report and compare the number and grade of major complications presented with non-endoscopic thermal discectomy and nucleoplasty for the treatment of discogenic axial lumbar pain using laser and radiofrequency. Methods: A 21 years retrospective study was conducted of the clinical charts of patients whose reason for consultation was axial lumbar pain from degenerative disc disease, and who underwent surgery using non-endoscopic discectomy and nucleoplasty (NEDN). Two groups were established; the first, NEDN with laser, and second, NEDN with radiofrequency. The number and types of complications reported in the case-series were counted, and their statistical differences determined. Results: The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 643 of the medical charts. 26 complications were reported, the most common being radiculitis (n=12). Statistically significant differences were found between the complications occurring in the two groups (p=0.01). Conclusion: The number of complications showed statistically significant difference. The severity of the complications and adverse outcomes provide an argument for choosing one technology over the other. Training and the learning curve stage are important factors to be taken into account, to avoid complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar e comparar o número e grau das complicações importantes apresentadas com discotomia e nucleoplastia térmica não endoscópica no tratamento da dor lombar axial discogênica usando laser e radiofrequência. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 21 anos, realizado com os prontuários clínicos de pacientes cujo motivo da consulta foi dor lombar axial por doença degenerativa do disco, que foram submetidos a cirurgia empregando discotomia e nucleoplastia não endoscópica (NEDN). Dois grupos foram estabelecidos, o primeiro, NEDN com laser e o segundo, NEDN com radiofrequência. O número e os tipos de complicações relatadas na série de casos foram contabilizados, e suas diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas. Resultados: Os critérios de inclusão foram satisfeitos por 643 prontuários clínicos. Foram relatadas 26 complicações, sendo a mais comum a radiculite (n = 12). Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p = 0,01) entre as complicações que ocorreram nos dois grupos. Conclusão: O número de complicações mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A gravidade das complicações e os resultados adversos fornecem um argumento para a escolha de uma tecnologia sobre a outra. O treinamento e a curva de aprendizagem são fatores importantes a considerar para evitar complicações.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar y comparar el número y grado de las complicaciones importantes que se presentaron con la discectomía y nucleoplastia térmica no endoscópica para el tratamiento del dolor lumbar axial discogénico utilizando láser y radiofrecuencia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 21 años de las historias clínicas de pacientes cuyo motivo de consulta fue el dolor lumbar axial debido a enfermedad degenerativa del disco, que fueron sometidos a cirugía mediante discectomía y nucleoplastia no endoscópica (NEDN). Se establecieron dos grupos, el primero, NEDN con láser y el segundo, NEDN con radiofrecuencia. Se contaron el número y los tipos de complicaciones relatadas en la serie de casos, y se determinaron sus diferencias estadísticas. Resultados: Los criterios de inclusión fueron satisfechos por 643 historias clínicas. Se encontraron 26 complicaciones, siendo la más común la radiculitis (n = 12). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las complicaciones ocurridas (p = 0,01). Conclusión: El número de complicaciones mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. La gravedad de las complicaciones y los resultados adversos proporcionan un argumento para elegir una tecnología sobre la otra. La capacitación y la curva de aprendizaje son factores importantes a tener en cuenta para evitar complicaciones.

Radiofrequency Neurolysis for Lumbar Pain Using a Variation of the Original Technique.

BACKGROUND: Zygapophysial joint arthrosis is a pathology related with axial lumbar pain. The most accepted treatment, after failure of medical management, is the thermal denervation of the medial branch. Nonetheless, the placement of the heat probe remains a challenge to surgeons, even when using the fluoroscope. Using a variation of Shealy's and Bogduk's original techniques, which includes ablation of the medial branch and the nerves present in the joint capsule, we hypothesize that we can obtain similar outcomes to those found in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To present the results attained over the last 8 years in the treatment of axial lumbar pain from zygapophysial joints degeneration, by employing a variation of the lumbar medial branch neurotomy technique, called 360-degree facet rhizotomy with radiofrequency. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. SETTING: Spine Center - Minimally Invasive Surgery in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: A medical chart review was conducted for patients diagnosed with axial lumbar pain from zygapophysial joint arthrosis and treated with 360-degree facet rhizolysis with a high frequency radiofrequency energy source between 2008 and 2014. Data were evaluated under modified MacNab and pre- and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) criteria. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 73 patients. The average population age was 58.6 years. The preoperative VAS obtained was 7.3, which changed to 1.7 one year after the procedure. The MacNab criteria 12 months after the surgery gave satisfactory outcomes (excellent and good) from 91.7% of the patients. LIMITATIONS: This retrospective study includes inherent limitations and only offers one year follow-up data. CONCLUSIONS: Thermal therapy for zygapophysial joint arthrosis constitutes a safe and effective technique. The one year follow-up data presented here show that the ablation of the medial branch and nerves present in the joint capsule leads to satisfactory results in a high percentage of patients.