Diabetes Mellitus Y Su Manejo En Escenarios Difíciles / Diabetes mellitus and its management in difficult scenarios

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus se produce por la alteración en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, su prevalencia viene en aumento debido al incremento en la tasa de obesidad y los cambios en los hábitos nutricionales. En Colombia, alrededor de 8,36 % de la población padece diabetes tipo 2 y menos del 1 % diabetes tipo 1. Metodología: se seleccionaron 51 artículos sobre diabetes y diferentes escenarios clínicos, publicados en su mayoría entre los años 2015-2021. Resultados: en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica, se aumenta la resistencia a la insulina e intolerancia a la glucosa; por esto, deben ser tratados en primera instancia con metformina o insulinas. En los diabéticos el riesgo cardiovascular se incrementa tanto para infarto como para accidente cerebrovascular. En estos, se puede realizar tratamiento con metformina, empagliflozina, entre otros. Los pacientes con falla renal tienen mayor riesgo de hipoglicemia por el metabolismo prolongado de la insulina como consecuencia de la filtración glomerular, en estos son útiles medicamentos como liraglutide y sus similares. Conclusión: existen múltiples escenarios clínicos que se presentan en conjunto con la diabetes mellitus. Se deben tener en cuenta las múltiples comorbilidades de los pacientes al momento de instaurar un tratamiento y sus diferentes determinantes, para garantizar su efectividad.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is caused by alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and its prevalence is increasing due to the increase in the rate of obesity and changes in nutritional habits. In Colombia, about 8.36% of the population suffers from type 2 diabetes and less than 1% from type 1 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-one articles were selected, on diabetes and different clinical scenarios, mostly published between 2015-2021. Results: In patients with chronic liver disease, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are increased; therefore, they should be treated in the first instance with Metformin or Insulin. In diabetics, cardiovascular risk is increased for both infarction and stroke. In these patients, treatment can be performed with Metformin, Empagliflozin, among others. Patients with renal failure have a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to prolonged insulin metabolism as a consequence of glomerular filtration; medications such as Liraglutide and similar drugs are useful in these patients. Conclusion: There are multiple clinical scenarios that occur in conjunction with diabetes mellitus. The multiple comorbidities of patients should be taken into account when instituting treatment and its different determinants to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment to be appropriate for the patients.

COVID-19 Clinical Profile in Latin American Migrants Living in Spain: Does the Geographical Origin Matter?

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia according to their geographical origin. This is a retrospective case-control study of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia treated at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona) during the first wave of the pandemic. Cases were defined as patients born in Latin America and controls were randomly selected among Spanish patients matched by age and gender. Demographic and clinical variables were collected, including comorbidities, symptoms, vital signs and analytical parameters, intensive care unit admission and outcome at 28 days after admission. Overall, 1080 hospitalized patients were registered: 774 (71.6%) from Spain, 142 (13.1%) from Latin America and the rest from other countries. Patients from Latin America were considered as cases and 558 Spanish patients were randomly selected as controls. Latin American patients had a higher proportion of anosmia, rhinorrhea and odynophagia, as well as higher mean levels of platelets and lower mean levels of ferritin than Spanish patients. No differences were found in oxygen requirement and mortality at 28 days after admission, but there was a higher proportion of ICU admissions (28.2% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.0310). An increased proportion of ICU admissions were found in patients from Latin America compared with native Spanish patients when adjusted by age and gender, with no significant differences in in-hospital mortality.

Factors associated with primary nonadherence to newly initiated direct oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are widely used for the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF); however, real-world primary nonadherence (failing to collect the first prescription) has been measured in very few studies. OBJECTIVE: To report primary nonadherence in NVAF patients who are newly prescribed DOACs and identify associated factors. METHODS: This observational retrospective cohort study used a large primary care database in Catalonia. Patients with NVAF who were newly prescribed a DOAC between January 2009 and December 2015 were identified, and primary nonadherence was measured by comparing prescribing records to pharmacy claims data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 12,257 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria; of these, 1,276 (10.4%) were primary nonadherent. Primary nonadherence was found to be 12.8% for apixaban, 8.6% for dabigatran, and 10.8% for rivaroxaban. Multivariable logistic regression indicated higher odds of primary nonadherence with apixaban and rivaroxaban compared to dabigatran (apixaban: OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.39-1.87; rivaroxaban: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.11-1.47). Patients aged at least 80 years showed lower odds of primary nonadherence compared to those aged less than 65 years (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.66-0.93). A diagnosis of chronic kidney disease was associated with primary nonadherence (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.08-1.50). Whereas, diabetes (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.74-0.97), hypertension (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.70-0.91), and stroke/transient ischemic attack (OR = 0.70, 95% C I =0.59-0.82) were inversely associated with primary nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 10.4% of patients prescribed DOACs were primary nonadherent, failing to collect the first prescription. The percentage could have serious implications for patient outcomes and the real-world cost-effectiveness of prescribing DOACs in NVAF. Rates of primary nonadherence and associated factors may provide useful information for the design and evaluation of adherence interventions. DISCLOSURES: No outside funding was received for this study. The data for this study came from the European Medicines Agency PE-PV project (Grant/Award Number EMA/2015/27/PH). The authors have nothing to disclose. A preliminary version of this work was presented at the European Drug Utilisation Research Group (EuroDURG) Conference, Szeged, Hungary, March 5, 2020.

Effectiveness and safety of the enhanced recovery program in colorectal surgery: overview of systematic reviews / Efectividad y seguridad del programa multimodal perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal: Revisión sistemática de revisiones

Abstract Introduction Multimodal enhanced recovery programs are a new paradigm in perioperative care. Objective To evaluate the certainty of evidence pertaining to the effectiveness and safety of the multimodal perioperative care program in elective colorectal surgery. Data source: A search was conducted in the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, up until February 2020. Eligibility criteria Systematic reviews that take into account the perioperative multimodal program in patients with an indication for colorectal surgery were included. The primary outcomes were morbidity and postoperative deaths. The secondary outcome was hospital length of stay. Study quality and synthesis method The reviews were evaluated with AMSTAR-2 and the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE methodology. The findings are presented with measures of frequency, risk estimators, or differences. Results Six systematic reviews of clinical trials with medium and high quality in AMSTAR-2 were included. Morbidity was reduced between 16 and 48%. Studies are inconclusive regarding postoperative mortality. Hospital length of stay was reduced by an average of 2.5 days (p <0.05). The certainty of the body of evidence is very low. Limitations The effect of the program, depending on the combination of elements, is not clear. Conclusions and implications Despite the proven evidence that the program is effective in reducing global postoperative morbidity and hospital stay, the body of evidence is of very low quality. Consequently, results may change with new evidence and further research is required.

Resumen Introducción Los programas multimodales de cuidado perioperatorio son nuevos paradigmas de atención en salud, particularmente en el paciente quirúrgico. Objetivo Evaluar la certeza en la evidencia de la efectividad y seguridad del programa multimodal perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal electiva. Fuente de datos Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, EMBASE y Cochrane hasta febrero de 2020. Criterios de elegibilidad Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas que consideraron como intervención el programa multimodal perioperatorio en pacientes con indicación de cirugía colorrectal. Los desenlaces primarios fueron morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria. El desenlace secundario fue estancia hospitalaria. Evaluación de los estudios y método de síntesis La calidad de las revisiones fue evaluada con AMSTAR-2 y la certeza de la evidencia con la metodología GRADE. Los hallazgos se presentan con medidas de frecuencia, estimadores de riesgo o diferencias. Resultados Se incluyeron seis revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos de media y alta calidad en AMSTAR-2. La morbilidad se redujo entre el 16 y el 48 %. Para la mortalidad postoperatoria no se reportan diferencias a favor del programa. La estancia hospitalaria se redujo en promedio 2,5 días (p < 0,05). La certeza del cuerpo de la evidencia es muy baja. Limitaciones El efecto del programa en función de combinación de elementos no es claro. Conclusiones e implicaciones A pesar de que la evidencia sugiere que el programa es efectivo en la reducción de morbilidad postoperatoria global y estancia hospitalaria, el cuerpo de la evidencia es de muy baja calidad, por lo que los resultados podrían cambiar con nueva evidencia. Se requieren nuevas investigaciones.

La Donación de Sangre / Blood donation

La donación de sangre es un procedimiento muy común en medicina, por eso tiene relevancia el estudio de las complicaciones frecuentes en los donantes y en especial las asociadas con la ferropenia. El procedimiento reporta beneficios tanto por la utilidad futura del producto como por los efectos favorables para la salud del donante; sin embargo, se han descrito complicaciones recurrentes derivadas tanto de la extracción de sangre total como de sus componentes por separado. En este artículo de revisión se encuentra la información relacionada con los factores de riesgo asociados con esta práctica y las principales complicaciones que pueden aparecer como es la depleción de hierro, con el fin de ilustrar al lector sobre los factores predisponentes en donantes iniciales y habituales. Se concluye que las reacciones más frecuentes son las vasovagales y algunas otras que pueden conllevar a síntomas indeseados, pero es la disminución de los niveles de hierro una de las complicaciones más alarmantes. Hay evidencia de factores como sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico, dieta y tipo de sangre que favorecen la probabilidad de desarrollar complicaciones por deficiencia de hierro en los donantes.

Blood donation is a very common medical procedure, thus, it is important to review the most frequent complications indonors, especially blood-donation-induced iron deficiency. The procedure is beneficial both for the future usefulness of blood and blood products as well as the favorable health effects for the donors; however, recurrent complications derived from the collection of whole blood and blood components separately, have been described. This review article contains information related to the risk factors associated with this practice and the main complications that may appear, such as iron depletion, in order to enlighten the reader on the predisposing factors among first-time and repeat donors. It was concluded that vasovagal reactions are the most frequent reactions as well as other reactions that can lead to unwanted symptoms, but the decrease in iron levels is one of the most alarming complications. Sex, age, socioeconomic level, diet and blood type have been evidenced as factors that favor the probability of developing complications due to iron deficiency in donors.

Mental health, interpersonal trust and subjective well-being in a high violence context.

This paper assesses whether two factors of wellbeing, social capital (interpersonal trust and social networks) and subjective well-being are associated with frequent mental distress and if there are any mediating effects by gender in a city of high urban violence. This paper relies on data that comes from a sample of over 1300 people representative by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic breakdown of the city of Cali in Colombia, which was collected in 2017 through face-to-face surveys. Our study uses logistic regression with fixed-effects at the district level to control for unobserved time-invariant factors. At the individual level, our analyses account for social and demographic context variables. The dependent variable is mental distress, defined as having 14 or more days feeling mentally ill in the previous 30-day period. Independent variables of interest are "interpersonal trust in unknown people" measured in a scale 0-10 and, social networks measured using the number of family members and close friends and subjective well-being through a question about life satisfaction in a scale 0-10. We find risk factors for mental health distress were low trust in unknown people, low life satisfaction, high levels of depression, living in cohabitation, being female, not having children, and living in middle socio-economic status. The odds of feeling mentally ill decreased as trust in unknown people increased by each unit in the trust scale (OR: 0.92). There were gender differences, with women's mental health being less likely to be affected by lack of interpersonal trust (OR: 0.94) than men (OR: 0.76). Our study suggests that actions aimed at fostering interpersonal trust in unknown people could positively affect mental health distress for both males and females. In the context of high urban violence, our study shows that men are more likely to benefit from such actions.

Establishment of Two Dimensional (2D) and Three-Dimensional (3D) Melanoma Primary Cultures as a Tool for In Vitro Drug Resistance Studies.

Characteristics of melanoma cells have been deciphered by studies carried out in two dimensional cell cultures growing as adherent monolayers on the bottom of plastic flasks. Melanoma cells can be cultured with a considerable degree of success, and, depending on the further use of the cells obtained in the culture, methodologies have to be adjusted to obtain reliable results. Although there are many melanoma continuous cell lines, in vitro 2D and 3D melanoma primary cell culture may be a more useful model to investigate interactions between cancer cells and immune system, as well as the effect of cytotoxic treatments and personalized medicine in environments more similar to the physiological conditions.Here, we described a protocol which employs many strategies to obtain primary 2D and 3D melanoma cultures as a model to study cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions that must be considered to properly design personalized cancer treatments, as well as for testing novel anticancer drugs and drug delivery vehicles.

Tratamiento del estado epiléptico: uso de fármacos antiepilépticos y desenlaces en dos hospitales de cuarto nivel en Colombia / Treatment of status epilepticus: use of the antiepileptic drugs and outcomes in hospitals of level 4 in Colombia

Introducción: el estado epiléptico (EE) es una emergencia neurológica con alta morbi-mortalidad asociada, el tratamiento se debe fundamentar en las guías internacionales. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de uso de los anticonvulsivantes empleados en el manejo del EE en dos hospitales de cuarto nivel en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: serie de pacientes mayores de 14,5 años, con diagnóstico de EE establecido por el servicio de Neurología, tratados entre agosto de 2013 y julio de 2014. Resultados: se incluyeron 84 casos, con una mediana de edad de 52,5 años rango intercuartílico (RIQ 27-71,5); el 64,3% de los pacientes (n=54) tenían antecedentes de epilepsia. El tipo de estado epiléptico más frecuente fue tónico-clónico en el 57,1% (n=48) y la causa principal epilepsia no controlada en el 53,6% (n=46). Para el manejo de primera línea, la mitad de los pacientes recibieron combinaciones de benzodiazepinas con otro anticonvulsivante, los más usados fueron fenitoina y ácido valproico. Todos los fármacos antiepilépticos de primera línea se administraron por vía endovenosa. En 32 pacientes (38,1%) se requirió el manejo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. El resultado, muerte de 17 pacientes (20,2%) y secuelas neurológicas sin muerte en 6 pacientes (7,2%). Conclusión: los fármacos antiepilépticos clásicos, entre los que se encuentran la fenitoina y el ácido valproico, continúan siendo la elección en la primera línea para el tratamiento del EE. La combinación de ácido valproico y levetiracetam puede ser efectiva en el EE refractario. Las medidas alternativas durante el tratamiento del EE no fueron observadas.

Introduction: Status Epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality; treatment should be based on international guidelines. Objective: To describe the frequency of application of anticonvulsants used for the treatment of SE in hospitals of level 4 in Colombia. Materials and methods: A series of patients over 14.5 years old, with the diagnosis of SE registered by the neurologist, treated between August 2013 and July 2014. Results: A series of 84 cases, with a median patient age of 52,5 years (IQR 27-71,5); 64.3% of patients (n=54) have featured the previous history of epilepsy. The most frequent type of epileptic status was tonic and clonic among 57,1% (n=48), and the main cause has been uncontrolled epilepsy among 53,6% (n=46). The first-line treatment of the patients was combinations of benzodiazepine with other anticonvulsants, among which the most applied were phenytoin and valproic acid. All anticonvulsants were administered intravenously. 32 patients (38,1%) have required management in intensive care unit. The outcomes were death in 17 cases (20,2%) and 6 patients (7,2%) had neurological sequels without death. Conclusion: The classical antiepileptic drugs, among which are phenytoin and valproic acid, remain the election in the first-line treatment of SE. The combination of valproic acid and levetiracetam may be effective in refractory SE. Alternative therapies of SE were not observed in hospitals of the study.

Evidencia del uso de plantas medicinales en infecciones oculares / Evidence of the use of medicinal plants in eye infections

Los productos a base de plantas medicinales se pueden considerar como medicamentos, debido a sus efectos terapéuticos y reacciones adversas. La evidencia científica muestra actividad antiséptica, anti fúngica, reepitelizante, cicatrizante y anti-inflamatoria, que hace que las plantas posean efectos terapéuticos dependiendo su dosificación frente a diversas patologías oculares como conjuntivitis, ojo seco, dacriocistitis, blefaritis, demódex o enfermedades degenerativas. Por esta razón se presenta mediante una herramienta interactiva, las propiedades antimicrobianas en patología ocular, de las plantas medicinales. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evidencia científica del uso de plantas medicinales a nivel ocular a través de un recurso innovador e interactivo. Materiales y métodos: A través de las bases de datos Medline, Science Direct, Pubmed, ProQuest, E-libro, Embase. Se recopiló información asociada al uso de plantas medicinales a nivel general y ocular mediante los términos de búsqueda "antimicrobial activity medicinal plants ocular"," antimicrobial activity medicinal plants eye journal"," review antibacterial effects medicinal plants ocular infection multicentre research"," plantas medicinales a nivel ocular", "etnobotánica", "fitoterapia ocular" "medicinal plants and conjunctivitis", "medicinal plants and blepharitis", "medicinal plants and pterigion" La información se filtró de acuerdo con las fuentes de búsqueda, de libros, webs y artículos de los últimos quince años. Se recopiló información de la historia de la medicina natural, historia de las plantas medicinales, evidencia científica general y ocular de cada una de las plantas, seguidamente se filtró la información de las plantas medicinales seleccionando las más usadas a nivel ocular, con el fin de que el recurso interactivo tenga evidencia clínica actualizada. Finalmente se reprodujo por medio de un recurso interactivo el cual contiene información necesaria para dar al lector un conocimiento amplio de las características de las plantas medicinales y de sus bondades curativas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades oculares del segmento anterior. Conclusiones: Las plantas medicinales con más evidencia científica son Aloe Vera, Eufrasia, Melaleuca, Sándalo y Ajo, quienes muestran eficacia en bacterias como Estafilococos Aureus, Enterococos Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus; en diversas patologías oculares como conjuntivitis, blefaritis, ojo seco, dacriocistitis y queratitis. (AU)

Niveles séricos de 25 Hidroxivitamina D en mujeres no menopáusicas, menopáusicas y posmenopáusicas / 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum levels in nonmenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal females

Objetivo: evaluar los niveles séricos de 25 hidroxivitamina D (25-OH vitamina D) en mujeres no menopáusicas, menopáusicas y posmenopáusicas, y su relación con algunos factores de riesgo. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico de cohorte transversal, realizado en 113 mujeres elegidas consecutivamente en la consulta externa de una institución de tercer nivel de complejidad. Se conformaron tres grupos: grupo A, premenopáusicas de 20 a 30 años (n=40); grupo B, menopáusicas de 45 a 55 años (n=40); y grupo C, posmenopáusicas >65 años (n=33). Se comparó el nivel de 25-OH vitamina D en suero a través del estudio ELISA, y su relación con factores como tabaquismo, exposición solar y actividad física en los últimos tres meses. Resultados: el 76% de las mujeres tenían niveles bajos de 25-OH vitamina D (<25 nmol/L). En el 80% de las mujeres del grupo A, se encontraron niveles bajos de esta vitamina comparado con el 77,5% del grupo B y el 69,7% del grupo C (p=0,57). Hubo diferencias significativas entre las medianas de los valores de 25-OH vitamina D en el grupo B al compararlas con el grupo A y C. El análisis de factores de riesgo para una disminución de los niveles séricos de 25-OH vitamina D no mostró diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: a pesar de estar ubicados en un área geográfica tropical, existen niveles séricos bajos de 25-OH vitamina D en las mujeres de los grupos de edad evaluados.

Objective: evaluating 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OH vitamin D) serum levels in non-menopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal in females and their relationship with dome risk factors. Materials and methods: this was an analytical, cross-sectional study of 113 females chosen consecutively when attending external consultation at a third-level hospital. Three groups were formed: group A, pre-menopausal aged 20-30 (n=40); group B, menopausal aged 45-55 (n=40); and group C, postmenopausal aged >65 (n=33) The levels of 25-OH vitamin D were compared in serum by ELISA and the relationship with smoking, exposure to the sun and physical activity during the last three months. Results: 76% of the females had low 25-OH vitamin D (<25 nmol/L) levels; 80% of the females in group A had low levels compared to 77.5% from group B and 69.7% from group C (p=0.57). There were significant differences between the means of group B’s 25-OH vitamin D values compared to those of group A and C. Analysis of risk factors for reducing 25-OH vitamin D serum levels revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: in spite of our geographical location in the tropics, females from age groups evaluated in this study had low 25-OH vitamin D levels.