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1.
Health Econ ; 27(8): 1230-1246, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29770524

RESUMO

Preferences elicited with matching and choice usually diverge (as characterised by preference reversals), violating a basic rationality requirement, namely, procedure invariance. We report the results of an experiment that shows that preference reversals between matching (Standard Gamble in our case) and choice are reduced when the matching task is conducted using nontransparent methods. Our results suggest that techniques based on nontransparent methods are less influenced by biases (i.e., compatibility effects) than transparent methods. We also observe that imprecision of preferences influences the degree of preference reversals. The preference reversal phenomenon is less strong in subjects with more precise preferences.


Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Tomada de Decisões , Jogo de Azar , Adulto , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Preferência do Paciente , Adulto Jovem
2.
J Health Econ ; 30(6): 1280-92, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21920617

RESUMO

This paper presents a novel approach to model health state valuations using inverse probability weighting techniques. Our approach makes no assumption on the distribution of health state values, accommodates covariates in a flexible way, eschews parametric assumptions on the relationship between the outcome and the covariates, allows for an undetermined amount of heterogeneity in the estimates and it formally tests and corrects for sample selection biases. The proposed model is semi-parametrically estimated and it is illustrated with health state valuation data collected for Spain using the SF-6D descriptive system. Estimation results indicate that the standard regression model underestimates the utility loss that the Spanish general population assigns to departures from full health, particularly so for severe departures.


Assuntos
Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Psicometria/métodos , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Econométricos , Probabilidade , Pontuação de Propensão , Qualidade de Vida , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários , Valor da Vida , Adulto Jovem
3.
Gac Sanit ; 22 Suppl 1: 126-36, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18405562

RESUMO

The conflict between scarce resources and unlimited needs is perhaps more prominent in the healthcare sector than in any other areas. Thus, setting priorities in health care emerges as an unavoidable task. The laudable aim of adopting any health technology that improves the population's health is impossible when confronted by budgetary constraints. Therefore, the outstanding health problems of a society and the most efficient health technologies in terms of their cost-effectiveness must be identified and patients must be prioritized, bearing in mind aspects of equity and efficiency. The present article reviews the issue of setting health care priorities by examining the experiences that have been put into practice in Spain and abroad. The problem is analyzed at three levels: the "macro" level (strategic planning, identification of higher priority areas and the selection of health care interventions); the "meso" level (incorporation of cost-effectiveness analyses into clinical practice guidelines), and the "micro" level (how to design priority systems for patients on waiting lists based on clinical and social criteria). In all these levels, there is substantial heterogeneity between Spanish regional health services, the steps that need to be taken and the ground that needs to be covered. Thus, we suggest that the first steps that some regional health services have made, together with international initiatives, could serve as a reference for the definitive incorporation of new approaches in priority setting in the Spanish health system as a whole.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Alocação de Recursos para a Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Prioridades em Saúde/organização & administração , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Espanha , Listas de Espera
4.
Gac Sanit ; 22 Suppl 1: 179-85, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18405568

RESUMO

There are many clinical situations in which there is no "right" decision from a technical point of view. An example of this is elective surgery, in which patients' preferences are critical. One way to integrate patients' preferences within clinical practice is the application of decision analysis. According to this approach, preferences (utilities) are assessed and are then combined with physicians' knowledge. This combination of evidence and utilities leads to the so-called shared decision-making (SDM) model. The overview provided in the present article indicates that: a) The SDM model, if systematically applied, could improve treatment effectiveness and patients well being; b) clinical practice, nevertheless, faces barriers in the form of time and resource constraints, limiting the application of such a model; c) discrepancies between patients' and doctors' preferences could be narrowed if patients' utilities were included in clinical practice guidelines; d) the application of this kind of analysis seems to be scarce in Spain. Moreover, information provided to patients is probably insufficient; and e) patient decision aids, even though their use is rapidly growing, are subject to certain problems.


Assuntos
Participação do Paciente/métodos , Humanos , Espanha
5.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 22(supl.1): 126-136, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71585

RESUMO

El establecimiento de prioridades es una tarea ineludible en el ámbito sanitario, donde se manifiesta como en pocos otros el conflicto entre recursos escasos y necesidades ilimitadas. Puesto que el loable objetivo de llevar a la práctica cualquier intervención que mejore la salud de la población deviene en utopía al confrontarse con la restricción presupuestaria, resulta impostergable decidir qué problemas de salud son los más relevantes para la sociedad, cuáles son las tecnologías sanitarias más eficientes en términos de su coste-efectividad y qué pacientes merecen ser tratados en primer lugar teniendo en cuenta aspectos de equidad y de eficiencia. En este trabajo revisamos la cuestión del establecimiento de prioridades en salud y servicios sanitarios a la luz de la experiencia nacional e internacional. El asunto se aborda en tres niveles: el nivel macro, relativo a los procesos de planificación estratégica, identificación de áreas prioritarias y selección de líneas de intervención en salud; el nivel meso, en el que ubicamos la incorporación del coste-efectividad a la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica, y el nivel micro, en el que se trata la cuestión de cómo diseñar sistemas de gestión de listas de espera que vayan más allá del criterio único de «antigüedad » en la lista como criterio de prioridad. En cada uno de estos niveles de actuación es largo aún el camino que queda por transitar a los servicios de salud regionales, si bien se han producido algunos avances y se puede constatar una cierta heterogeneidad entre comunidades autónomas por lo que se refiere a la magnitud del trecho ya recorrido. Las iniciativas emprendidas por algunos servicios de salud autonómicos, junto con la experiencia internacional, deben constituir un referente para la definitiva incorporación de nuevos enfoques en la fijación de prioridades en el conjunto del sistema sanitario español


The conflict between scarce resources and unlimited needs is perhaps more prominent in the healthcare sector than in any other areas. Thus, setting priorities in health care emerges as an unavoidable task. The laudable aim of adopting any health technology that improves the population¿s health is impossible when confronted by budgetary constraints. Therefore, the outstanding health problems of a society and the most efficient health technologies in terms of their cost-effectiveness must be identified and patients must be prioritized, bearing in mind aspects of equity and efficiency. The present article reviews the issue of setting health care priorities by examining the experiences that have been put into practice in Spain and abroad. The problem is analyzed at three levels: the ¿macro¿ level (strategic planning, identification of higher priority areas and the selection of health care interventions); the ¿meso¿ level (incorporation of cost-effectiveness analyses into clinical practice guidelines), and the ¿micro¿ level (how to design priority systems for patients on waiting lists based on clinical and social criteria). In all these levels, there is substantial heterogeneity between Spanish regional health services, the steps that need to be taken and the ground that needs to be covered. Thus, we suggest that the first steps that some regional health services have made, together with international initiatives, could serve as a reference for the definitive incorporation of new approaches in priority setting in the Spanish health system as a whole (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Alocação de Recursos para a Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Prioridades em Saúde/organização & administração , Listas de Espera , Espanha
6.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 22(supl.1): 179-185, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71591

RESUMO

Hay muchas situaciones clínicas en las que no se puede tomar una decisión «correcta» desde el punto de vista técnico. Ejemplo de ello sería la cirugía electiva, donde atender las preferencias de los pacientes resulta ineludible. Una forma de incorporar dichas preferencias es la aplicación del análisis de las decisiones clínicas. En este enfoque, primero se cuantifican dichas preferencias (utilidades) y después se combinan con los conocimientos técnicos del médico. Al modelo resultante de toma de decisiones se le suele denominar «toma de decisiones compartidas». En la revisión efectuada en este artículo se constata que: a) dicho modelo, en caso de aplicarse sistemáticamente, podría mejorar la efectividad de los tratamientos y el bienestar de los pacientes; b) la práctica clínica, no obstante, se enfrenta a restricciones en forma de tiempo y recursos disponibles que hacen difícil su aplicación; c) la incorporación de las utilidades de los pacientes a las guías de práctica clínica podría contribuir a estrechar la distancia que separa las preferencias de los médicos de las de los pacientes; d) aparentemente, la aplicación de este tipo de análisis en España es muy ocasional, donde, incluso, se detectan deficiencias, no ya en la participación de los pacientes en las decisiones clínicas, sino en el ejercicio del derecho a la información, y e) la alternativa de las ayudas a la decisión, aun cuando conozca una creciente expansión, no está libre de problemas


There are many clinical situations in which there is no "right" decision from a technical point of view. An example of this is elective surgery, in which patients' preferences are critical. One way to integrate patients' preferences within clinical practice is the application of decision analysis. According to this approach, preferences (utilities) are assessed and are then combined with physicians' knowledge. This combination of evidence and utilities leads to the so-called shared decision-making (SDM) model. The overview provided in the present article indicates that: a) The SDM model, if systematically applied, could improve treatment effectiveness and patients well being; b) clinical practice, nevertheless, faces barriers in the form of time and resource constraints, limiting the application of such a model; c) discrepancies between patients¿ and doctors¿ preferences could be narrowed if patients¿ utilities were included in clinical practice guidelines; d) the application of this kind of analysis seems to be scarce in Spain. Moreover, information provided to patients is probably insufficient; and e) patient decision aids, even though their use is rapidly growing, are subject to certain problems (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Participação do Paciente/métodos , Espanha
7.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 22(supl.1): 126-136, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-62011

RESUMO

El establecimiento de prioridades es una tarea ineludible en elámbito sanitario, donde se manifiesta como en pocos otrosel conflicto entre recursos escasos y necesidades ilimitadas. Puestoque el loable objetivo de llevar a la práctica cualquier intervenciónque mejore la salud de la población deviene en utopía al confrontarsecon la restricción presupuestaria, resulta impostergabledecidir qué problemas de salud son los más relevantes parala sociedad, cuáles son las tecnologías sanitarias más eficientesen términos de su coste-efectividad y qué pacientes merecenser tratados en primer lugar teniendo en cuenta aspectosde equidad y de eficiencia. En este trabajo revisamos la cuestióndel establecimiento de prioridades en salud y servicios sanitariosa la luz de la experiencia nacional e internacional. El asuntose aborda en tres niveles: el nivel macro, relativo a los procesosde planificación estratégica, identificación de áreas prioritarias yselección de líneas de intervención en salud; el nivel meso, enel que ubicamos la incorporación del coste-efectividad a la elaboraciónde guías de práctica clínica, y el nivel micro, en el quese trata la cuestión de cómo diseñar sistemas de gestión de listasde espera que vayan más allá del criterio único de ®antigüedad» en la lista como criterio de prioridad.En cada uno de estos niveles de actuación es largo aún elcamino que queda por transitar a los servicios de salud regionales,si bien se han producido algunos avances y se puedeconstatar una cierta heterogeneidad entre comunidades autónomaspor lo que se refiere a la magnitud del trecho ya recorrido.Las iniciativas emprendidas por algunos servicios desalud autonómicos, junto con la experiencia internacional,deben constituir un referente para la definitiva incorporaciónde nuevos enfoques en la fijación de prioridades en el conjuntodel sistema sanitario español(AU)


The conflict between scarce resources and unlimited needsis perhaps more prominent in the healthcare sector than inany other areas. Thus, setting priorities in health care emergesas an unavoidable task. The laudable aim of adopting anyhealth technology that improves the population’s health is impossiblewhen confronted by budgetary constraints. Therefore,the outstanding health problems of a society and the mostefficient health technologies in terms of their cost-effectivenessmust be identified and patients must be prioritized, bearing inmind aspects of equity and efficiency.The present article reviews the issue of setting health carepriorities by examining the experiences that have been put intopractice in Spain and abroad. The problem is analyzed at threelevels: the “macro” level (strategic planning, identification ofhigher priority areas and the selection of health care interventions);the “meso” level (incorporation of cost-effectivenessanalyses into clinical practice guidelines), and the “micro” level(how to design priority systems for patients on waiting listsbased on clinical and social criteria).In all these levels, there is substantial heterogeneity betweenSpanish regional health services, the steps that needto be taken and the ground that needs to be covered. Thus,we suggest that the first steps that some regional health serviceshave made, together with international initiatives, couldserve as a reference for the definitive incorporation of newapproaches in priority setting in the Spanish health systemas a whole(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços de Saúde/normas , Prioridades em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Prioridades em Saúde/tendências , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , /métodos , Listas de Espera , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Serviços de Saúde/economia , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Agenda de Prioridades em Saúde , /tendências , Prioridades em Saúde/organização & administração , Prioridades em Saúde/normas
8.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 22(supl.1): 179-185, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-62017

RESUMO

Hay muchas situaciones clínicas en las que no se puedetomar una decisión ®correcta» desde el punto de vista técnico.Ejemplo de ello sería la cirugía electiva, donde atenderlas preferencias de los pacientes resulta ineludible. Una formade incorporar dichas preferencias es la aplicación del análisisde las decisiones clínicas. En este enfoque, primero secuantifican dichas preferencias (utilidades) y después se combinancon los conocimientos técnicos del médico. Al modeloresultante de toma de decisiones se le suele denominar ®tomade decisiones compartidas». En la revisión efectuada en esteartículo se constata que: a) dicho modelo, en caso de aplicarsesistemáticamente, podría mejorar la efectividad de lostratamientos y el bienestar de los pacientes; b) la práctica clínica,no obstante, se enfrenta a restricciones en forma de tiempoy recursos disponibles que hacen difícil su aplicación; c)la incorporación de las utilidades de los pacientes a las guíasde práctica clínica podría contribuir a estrechar la distanciaque separa las preferencias de los médicos de las de los pacientes;d) aparentemente, la aplicación de este tipo de análisisen España es muy ocasional, donde, incluso, se detectandeficiencias, no ya en la participación de los pacientes enlas decisiones clínicas, sino en el ejercicio del derecho a lainformación, y e) la alternativa de las ayudas a la decisión,aun cuando conozca una creciente expansión, no está librede problemas(AU)


There are many clinical situations in which there is no “right”decision from a technical point of view. An example of this iselective surgery, in which patients’ preferences are critical. Oneway to integrate patients’ preferences within clinical practiceis the application of decision analysis.According to this approach, preferences (utilities) are assessedand are then combined with physicians’ knowledge.This combination of evidence and utilities leads to the so-calledshared decision-making (SDM) model.The overview provided in the present article indicates that:a) The SDM model, if systematically applied, could improvetreatment effectiveness and patients well being; b) clinical practice,nevertheless, faces barriers in the form of time and resourceconstraints, limiting the application of such a model;c) discrepancies between patients’ and doctors’ preferencescould be narrowed if patients’ utilities were included in clinicalpractice guidelines; d) the application of this kind of analysisseems to be scarce in Spain. Moreover, information providedto patients is probably insufficient; and e) patientdecision aids, even though their use is rapidly growing, aresubject to certain problems(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Tomada de Decisões , Formulação de Políticas , Pacientes/classificação , Pacientes/legislação & jurisprudência , Administração da Prática Médica/legislação & jurisprudência , Administração da Prática Médica/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde/normas , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Uso da Informação Científica na Tomada de Decisões em Saúde , Administração da Prática Médica/tendências , Serviços de Saúde/tendências
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