RESUMO
Objectives and importance of study: The importance of health policy and systems research (HPSR) has been acknowledged since 2004 and was recognised by the United Nations World Health Assembly in 2005. However, many factors influence its development. This paper aims to analyse the impact of politics and political determinants on HPSR funding in selected countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: Using a standardised protocol, we performed an analysis of available data and financing structures for health research and HPSR, based on research in eight countries, including interviews with key stakeholders (n = 42). RESULTS: Dollar depreciation and gross national product growth in the region may play a role in how governments fund research. There have been shifts in the political spectrum in governments, which have affected research coordination and funding in positive and negative ways. HPSR funding in some countries was dependent on budget decisions and although some have improved funding, others have regressed by decreasing funding or have completely cancelled financing mechanisms. Caribbean countries rely mainly on institutional funding. HPSR is recognised as important but remains underfunded; stakeholders believed it should be used more in decision making. CONCLUSION: Although HPSR is recognised as valuable for decision making and policy development, it does not have the financial support required to flourish in Latin America and the Carribean. Data on health research financing were not easy to access. There was little or no evidence of published reports or papers about research financing, health research funding, and HPSR funding in particular in the studied countries. Because of the fragility of health systems highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, HPSR should be of great relevance and value to both policy makers and funders.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Política de Saúde , Região do Caribe , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , América Latina , Política , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
It has been suggested that achieving greater effectiveness in psychotherapeutic treatment requires analyzing what therapists actually do and say, how they do this and when it is done. Based on this approach, in this study we focused on the rules emitted by therapists, since providing rules is thought to be of fundamental importance in promoting effective and efficient clinical change. Specifically, we sought to determine whether the experience level of therapists and the brevity of therapy would be related to patterns of therapist rule emission as categorized by the Category System of Rules emitted by the Therapist (SISC-RULES-T) (Vargas-de la Cruz & Pardo-Cebrián, 2014). Greater therapist experience and shorter therapy duration were found to be reliably predictive of more rule emissions across most rule categories (Z values between: Z = -3.68 and Z = -2.05; p values: p < .05 and p < .001). These variables were also predictive of more emissions of rules that specified all three operant contingency elements (situation, behavior, and consequence) rather than fewer elements (Z = -2.59, p < .05; Z = -2.26, p < .05). In the expert therapists and therapist with shorter cases, there was a nonsignificant tendency for the emission of general and conceptual rules to increase over sessions whereas emissions of concrete and particular rules tended to decrease; the explicitness of the three contingency elements also tended to decrease as treatment progressed. These findings may help to identify verbal characteristics of therapists that could lead to improved therapeutic practice.
Assuntos
Competência Clínica , Avaliação de Processos em Cuidados de Saúde , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Comportamento Verbal , Adulto , Humanos , Psicoterapia/normasRESUMO
It has been suggested that achieving greater effectiveness in psychotherapeutic treatment requires analyzing what therapists actually do and say, how they do this and when it is done. Based on this approach, in this study we focused on the rules emitted by therapists, since providing rules is thought to be of fundamental importance in promoting effective and efficient clinical change. Specifically, we sought to determine whether the experience level of therapists and the brevity of therapy would be related to patterns of therapist rule emission as categorized by the Category System of Rules emitted by the Therapist (SISC-RULES-T) (Vargas-de la Cruz & Pardo-Cebrián, 2014). Greater therapist experience and shorter therapy duration were found to be reliably predictive of more rule emissions across most rule categories (Z values between: Z = -3.68 and Z = -2.05; p values: p < .05 and p < .001). These variables were also predictive of more emissions of rules that specified all three operant contingency elements (situation, behavior, and consequence) rather than fewer elements (Z = -2.59, p < .05; Z = -2.26, p < .05). In the expert therapists and therapist with shorter cases, there was a nonsignificant tendency for the emission of general and conceptual rules to increase over sessions whereas emissions of concrete and particular rules tended to decrease; the explicitness of the three contingency elements also tended to decrease as treatment progressed. These findings may help to identify verbal characteristics of therapists that could lead to improved therapeutic practice
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Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Competência Clínica , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Comportamento Verbal , Psicoterapia/normasRESUMO
La discusión sobre las contribuciones de la neurociencia y en particular de la neurociencia cognitiva para la comprensión del comportamiento animal y humano, sigue siendo un tema en la agenda de la Psicología en general y del análisis experimental de la conducta en particular. El notable incremento en la producción investigadora de la neurociencia en los años recientes ha desplazado el interés por la investigación conductual. Sin embargo, distintos aspectos filosóficos, conceptuales y metodológicos están implicados en esta discusión que marcan las distancias entre ambos dominios, pero paradójicamente a la vez, podrían ser considerados para intentar establecer posibles vías de interacción entre la neurociencia y el análisis de la conducta, si realmente estamos interesados en ganar una comprensión más completa del comportamiento
The discussion on the contributions of neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience specifically, to the understanding of animal and human behavior remains an issue on the agenda of Psychology in general, and also a particular issue for the experimental behavior analysis. The notable increase in the neuroscience research in recent years has displaced the interest outside behavioral research. However, different philosophical, conceptual and methodological aspects are involved in this discussion, so it marks the distance between both domains. At same time, paradoxically, if we are really interested in acquiring a more complete understanding of behavior, those aspects could be considered to establish possible interactions between neuroscience and behavior analysis
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Cérebro , Comportamento , Neurociência Cognitiva/tendências , Comportamento Animal , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
The present study evaluates the effects of the estrous cycle on activity-based anorexia by identifying the successive phases of the estrous cycle of female rats before, during, and after exposure to the experimental conditions. Activity-based anorexia is established when rats are exposed to a restricted-feeding schedule (1 hour) while having free access to a running wheel (23 hours). Under these conditions rats quickly lose bodyweight, reduce food consumption, and gradually increase their levels of activity on the running wheel. Recent data show that food restriction and the increase of activity interrupt the estrous cycle and that hormonal factors affect the activity level and food consumption of female rats during some phases of the estrous cycle. Results showed increased activity and greater weight loss in females compared to males though during feeding time there were no differences in food and water consumption. Males and females recovered their initial bodyweight after the procedure. Females showed anticipatory activity before eating and their estrous cycles were disturbed during the experimental phase (AU)
El presente estudio evalúa los efectos del ciclo menstrual de ratas hembra sobre la anorexia por actividad identificando las fases sucesivas del ciclo menstrual, anterior, durante y posterior a las condiciones del procedimiento experimental. El procedimiento de anorexia por actividad se establece exponiendo a las ratas a una restricción de alimento (1 hora) y al acceso a una rueda de actividad durante las 23 horas restantes. Como resultado de esta manipulación las ratas rápidamente pierden peso corporal, reducen su consumo de alimento y gradualmente aumentan el nivel de actividad en la rueda de actividad. Datos recientes demuestran que la restricción de comida y el incremento de la actividad interrumpen el ciclo menstrual y que los factores hormonales afectan al nivel de actividad y al consumo de alimento de las ratas hembra durante algunas de las fases de dicho ciclo. Los resultados mostraron que la actividad aumentó y las hembras perdieron mayor peso corporal en comparación con las ratas macho. Sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias en el consumo de comida ni de agua. Ambos grupos recuperaron su peso inicial después del procedimiento, las hembras mostraron actividad anticipatoria antes de comer y el ciclo menstrual se alteró durante la fase experimental (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Anorexia/fisiopatologia , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Redução de Peso , Ingestão de AlimentosRESUMO
Two studies evaluated the differential behavioral effects of instructions and feedback in matching-to-sample procedures. In Experiment 1, 20 college students received true or false instructions and trial-by-trial or delayed feedback in three phases. In a fourth, final phase the instructions remained the same, but feedback changed from trial-by-trial to delayed, or from delayed to trial-by-trial. In Experiment 2, half of another 20 participants received true instructions during three phases, followed by false instruction in a fourth phase; the other half of the participants received false instructions during three phases, followed by true instructions in the fourth phase. Feedback sequences were as in Experiment 1. The results of both experiments revealed historical effects of instructions and feedback. Most participants demonstrated strong instructional control, overriding the control by contingencies. These results suggest that the present procedure offers optimal possibilities to make the differential effects of instructions and feedback on human behavior clearly identifiable when conditional discrimination tasks are used.
Assuntos
Condicionamento Psicológico , Aprendizagem por Discriminação , Ensino , Adolescente , Retroalimentação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção VisualRESUMO
En dos estudios evaluamos los efectos diferenciales de las instrucciones y la retroalimentación utilizando un procedimiento de igualación de la muestra. En el Experimento 1, veinte estudiantes universitarios recibieron una instrucción verdadera o falsa y recibieron retroalimentación continua o demorada durante tres fases. En la cuarta fase, la instrucción no varió, pero la retroalimentación cambió de continua a demorada, o bien de demorada a continua. En el Experimento 2, la mitad de otros veinte participantes recibieron una instrucción verdadera en las tres primeras fases y en la cuarta fase recibieron una instrucción falsa; la otra mitad de los participantes recibieron una instrucción falsa en las tres primeras fases y fueron expuestos a una instrucción verdadera en la cuarta fase. Las secuencias de retroalimentación fueron como en el Experimento 1. Los resultados de ambos experimentos revelaron efectos históricos de las instrucciones y la retroalimentación. La mayoría de los participantes mostraron un fuerte control instruccional comparado con el control que pudieron ejercer las contingencias. Estos resultados sugieren que el presente procedimiento ofrece óptimas posibilidades para identificar claramente los efectos diferenciales de las instrucciones y de la retroalimentación sobre el control de la conducta humana en tareas de discriminación condicional
Two studies evaluated the differential behavioral effects of instructions and feedback in matching-to-sample procedures. In Experiment 1, 20 college students received true or false instructions and trial-by-trial or delayed feedback in three phases. In a fourth, final phase the instructions remained the same, but feedback changed from trial-by-trial to delayed, or from delayed to trial-by-trial. In Experiment 2, half of another 20 participants received true instructions during three phases, followed by false instruction in a fourth phase; the other half of the participants received false instructions during three phases, followed by true instructions in the fourth phase. Feedback sequences were as in Experiment 1. The results of both experiments revealed historical effects of instructions and feedback. Most participants demonstrated strong instructional control, overriding the control by contingencies. These results suggest that the present procedure offers optimal possibilities to make the differential effects of instructions and feedback on human behavior clearly identifiable when conditional discrimination tasks are used
