Factores de riesgo y consecuencias del cyberbullying en un grupo de adolescentes: Asociación con bullying tradicional / Risk factors and consequences of cyberbullying in teenagers: association with bullying

Introducción. En el cyberbullying se utilizan medios electrónicos para intimidar. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de cyberbullying, identificar algunas características, explorar asociación con el bullying y analizar factores de riesgo y consecuencias. Métodos. El estudio incluyó alumnos de secundaria. El cyberbullying se utilizó como variable de exposición y de resultado. Se aplicó estadística no paramétrica y regresión logística. Resultados. Se encuestaron 603 alumnos, con media de edad de 13.4 años (DE 0.98 años). Fueron más prevalentes las cibervíctimas. El teléfono celular fue la herramienta más utilizada para intimidar. El factor de riesgo más importante para cibervíctimas fue "sentirse inseguro en la escuela" (X²=6.485 p=0.011 OR=4.1 IC95% 1.30-11.2). Para ciberagresores, "usar la computadora a escondidas de los padres y a altas horas de la noche" (X²=14.584 p<0.05 OR=4.2 IC95% 2.10-16.30); para cibervíctimas-ciberagresores, "ser mujer" (X²=2.891 p>0.05 OR=3.50 IC95% 1.70-16.80). La mayor asociación con bullying fue para varones y entre los roles víctima-agresor tradicional y ciberagresor (X²=28.821 p<0.05 OR=7.37 IC95% 3.78-14.3). Al considerar al ciberbullying como variable de exposición, la principal consecuencia fue la cefalea para el rol de ciberagresor (X²=15.125 p<0.05 OR=7.91 IC95% 2.28-29.6). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de cyberbullying fue menor a otras investigaciones, pero los factores de riesgo y las consecuencias son relevantes.

Background. Cyberbullying uses electronic tools to intimidate. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of cyberbullying and to identify its characteristics. We explored the association with bullying and analyzed consequences and risk factors. Methods. Junior-high-school students were included. Cyberbullying was used as exposure and outcome variable. Nonparametric statistic and logistic regression were applied. Results. Six hundred three students with a mean age of 13.4 years (SD 0.98 years) were included. Cybervictims were more prevalent. The cell phone was the most common tool used to intimidate. The most important risk factor for cybervictims was "feeling unsafe at school" (c² = 6.485 p = 0.011 OR = 4.1 95% CI 1.30-11.2); for cyberaggressors it was "to use the computer hidden from parents and late at night" (c² = 14.584 p <0.05 OR = 4.2 95% CI 2.10-16.30); for cybervictims-cyberaggressors it was "to be female" (c² = 2.891 p >0.05 OR = 3.50 95% CI 1.70-16.80). The strongest association with bullying was shown for males and between traditional victim-aggressor and cyberaggressor roles (c² = 28.821 p <0.05 OR = 7.37 95% CI 3.78-14.3). When cyberbullying was considered as the exposure variable, the most relevant outcome measure was "to have headaches" for cyberaggressors (c² = 15.125 p <0.05 OR=7.91 95% CI 2.28-29.6). Conclusions. The prevalence of cyberbullying was less than demonstrated in other studies, but the risk factors and consequences are relevant.

Bullying en alumnos de secundaria. Características generales y factores asociados al riesgo / Bullying in junior high school students. General characteristics and associated risk factors

Introducción. El bullying es una conducta de hostigamiento físico y/o psicológico entre los alumnos en un plantel escolar. En México 25% de los alumnos ha sufrido violencia en sus escuelas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar prevalencia del bullying y explorar las variables asociadas con el riesgo de esta conducta. Métodos. Mediante la resolución de un cuestionario autoaplicable se seleccionaron alumnos de entre la población de una misma secundaria pública, hombres y mujeres, con base en la presencia o la ausencia del rol de víctima, agresor o víctima-agresor. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron las pruebas X² y regresión logística. Resultados. De un grupo de 688 alumnos con una media de edad de 13.62 ± 0.96 años se identificaron 20.5% víctimas, 13.1% agresores y 27.4% víctimas-agresores. Los factores de riesgo relevantes para las víctimas fueron: tener algún defecto físico (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, IC 95% 1.82-4.50), los padres consideran normal el problema (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, IC 95% 2.92-11.47); para los agresores: preferir programas televisivos violentos (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, IC 95% 1.36-3.62), tener amigos que pertenezcan a pandillas (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, IC 95% 2.45-6.71); para las víctimas-agresores destaca la combinación de factores inherentes a ambos grupos por separado. Conclusiones. El bullying en la escuela es una conducta prevalente y los factores asociados al riesgo son diversos.

Background. Bullying is physical harassment and/or psychological abuse among students at school. In Mexico, up to 25% of the students have experienced violence at school. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bullying and to explore associated risk factors. Methods. Students of both genders from a junior high school were included and selected from the same population, based on the presence of being a victim, aggressor or victim-aggressor role according to self-reported questionnaire responses; X² and logistical regression statistics were applied. Results. Six hundred eighty eight students with a mean age of 13.62 ± 0.96 years were included; 20.5% victims, 13.1% aggressors and 27.4% victims-aggressors were identified. Major risk factors for victims were "have a physical defect" (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.82-4.50) and "parents considering bullying a normal problem" (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, 95% CI 2.92-11.47); for aggressors: "preference for violent television programs" (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.36-3.62) and "friends who belongs to gangs" (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.45-6.71); victims-aggressors present a highlighted combination of risks factors from both roles. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of bullying at school with a variety of associated risk factors.

Association between obesity and dental caries in a group of preschool children in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between obesity and caries by utilizing the data of a cohort of preschool children aged 4-5 years. METHODS: Data were obtained from a cohort of 1,160 children. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The caries index was measured as the number of decayed (d), extracted (e), and filled (f) teeth (t) (deft), or surfaces (defs). The body mass index (BMI) in units of kg/m2 was determined, and children were categorized according to age- and gender-specific criteria as normal weight (5th-85th percentile), at-risk overweight (> or = 85th-<95th percentile), and overweight (> or = 95th percentile). Odds ratios were determined for at-risk overweight and overweight children using logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 17.9 percent. A slightly higher percentage of dental caries was found in boys (19.6 percent) than in girls (16.4 percent). From the total sample, the mean BMI was 17.10 +/- 3.83. Approximately 53.7 percent of children were classified as normal weight, 14.2 percent as at-risk overweight, and 32.1 percent as overweight. At-risk overweight children were higher among girls (17.1 percent) than among boys (11.3 percent). When adjusted for covariates, the logistic regression model showed that there was a significant association between at-risk overweight children (P < 0.001), overweight children (P < 0.001), and caries in the primary dentition. Mean (SD) deft value of the sample was 1.08 (2.34), while the corresponding defs value was 1.43 (3.29). CONCLUSION: Obesity appears to be associated with dental caries in the primary dentition of preschool Mexican children.

Revisión sistemática de la asociación entre sobrepeso, obesidad y enfermedad mental, con énfasis en el trastorno esquizofrénico / Systematic review of the association between overweight, obesity and mental illness with emphasis on the schizophrenic disorder

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha definido la obesidad y el sobrepeso como el “exceso acumulado de grasa corporal, que se presenta por un desequilibrio permanente entre la ingesta alimenticia y el gasto energético” y la Asociación Psiquiátrica de Estados Unidos señala que puede afectar al aparato psíquico. Objetivo: Describir algunas generalidades relacionadas con la obesidad y el sobrepeso y revisar la asociación que puede darse entre estas circunstancias y la enfermedad mental, en general, y la esquizofrenia, en particular, y su influencia en la administración de antipsicóticos atípicos en el peso corporal de estos pacientes. Método: Se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas (Pubmed, EBSCOhost y OvidSP), con prioridad en trabajos publicados en la última década y con una estricta metodología científica. Resultado: La incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad es mayor en personas con enfermedad mental, en general, y esquizofrenia, en particular, en comparación con la población general. Se señalan como factores de riesgo los polimorfismos genéticos, consumo de antipsicóticos atípicos y una mala y pobre dieta alimenticia. Conclusión: La obesidad, sin lugar a dudas, es un problema de salud pública en varios países, incluido México. Pacientes con trastornos psiquiátricos tienen una tendencia a desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad...

Introduction: The World Health Organization has defined obesity and overweight as “cumulative excess body fat, which is presented by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure”, and the American Psychiatric Association declares that it may also affect the psychic apparatus. Objective: To describe some generalities related to obesity and overweight and to review the partnership that exists between these circumstances and mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular, as well as the influence of the administration of atypical antipsychotics on the body weight of these patients. Method: A search of electronic databases (Pubmed, EBSCOhost, and OvidSP) was conducted, focusing on papers published in the last decade with strict scientific methodology. Results: Incidence of overweight and obesity is higher in people with mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular compared to the general population, and risk factors such as genetic polymorphisms, use of atypical antipsychotics, and a poor diet are identified. Conclusion: Obesity is a major public health problem in several countries, including Mexico. Patients with psychiatric disorders have a tendency to develop overweight or obesity...

[Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents]. / Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based case-control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. RESULTS: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study.

Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes / Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents

Objetivo: Es necesario aclarar la relación entre varias exposiciones ambientales y sociales y el asma en la población adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la asociación entre la atopia familiar, la inhalación pasiva o activa de humo de tabaco, la obesidad y el asma en adolescentes. Sujetos y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio de casos y controles basado en un estudio de población. Se encuestó a 4.003 estudiantes de 13 a 18 años de edad, seleccionados aleatoriamente, que acudían a escuelas de secundaria y preparatoria de un área urbana del nordeste de México. La información sobre las variables estudiadas se recabó a través de la exploración física y de la aplicación de un cuestionario por parte de personal capacitado. Se formaron 2 grupos de estudio: uno compuesto por 253 adolescentes con asma, y un grupo control formado por estudiantes sin asma. Resultados: De los resultados se desprende que la atopia familiar (odds ratio [OR] = 1,62; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,28-2,06), la exposición involuntaria al humo de tabaco (OR = 1,53; IC del 95%, 1,18-1,99) y la obesidad (OR = 1,96; IC del 95%, 1,45-2,65) se encuentran asociadas con el asma en adolescentes. El sexo femenino y el tabaquismo activo no se relacionan con dicha enfermedad. El porcentaje de obesos fue mayor en el grupo de adolescentes con asma (18,2%) que en el grupo control (12,8%). Conclusiones: La atopia familiar, la inhalación involuntaria de humo de tabaco y la obesidad parecen ser los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de asma en adolescentes. La relación entre tabaquismo activo y asma requiere una mejor evaluación

Objective: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. Subjects and methods: A population­based case­control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. Results: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). Conclusions: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study