Dermatology Self-Medication in Nursing Students and Professionals: A Multicentre Study.

Current evidence shows that the prevalence of self-medication in healthcare professionals and their students is troublingly high despite them knowing the risks involved. There is limited research on self-medication in dermatology, and there are even fewer studies on this practice among nurses and nursing students, despite the potential mucocutaneous health problems that may affect them. The aims of our study were to examine the prevalence of self-medication mainly in the field of dermatology among nurses and nursing students as well as to explore if age or years of professional/academic practice influenced such behaviour. This multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021. In total, 120 nurses from the University Hospital of Pontevedra and 303 nursing students from the Universities of Vigo and Santiago de Compostela (N-W Spain) participated in this study (n = 423). An ad hoc questionnaire was used to evaluate self-medication decision-making. Self-medication for dermatological diseases was reported by 58.39% (n = 247) of participants. Among our respondents, 44.44% of nurses and 42.68% of students would recommend treatment for skin diseases to a third party. We found a higher prevalence of medication without prescription in nurses than in students (p < 0.001). More experience (p = 0.01) and older age (p < 0.001) were associated with more self-medication in the case of nurses and students, respectively. The prevalence of self-medication and treatment recommendation to a third party are cause for concern. Identifying these situations and associated factors may help to implement evidence-based strategies and education.

Identifying engagement and associated factors in nursing students: An exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Burnout and engagement in health students surpass work life. Although levels of burnout in Nursing students are high, academic engagement is an understudied topic in Nursing, which has shown benefits. The aims were to know the level of engagement of Nursing students and to identify factors that prompt higher levels of engagement. METHODS: An exploratory study was conducted during 2019 in three Universities in Spain. The UWES-S-17 questionnaire was used. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 808 Nursing students. An average level of engagement was found. Engagement differed significantly by gender and age, with females and older students showing greater attitudes. Participants in the second year showed lower scores in the willingness to dedicate effort and persistence than those in the first and third year (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the level of engagement and factors involved are an opportunity to probe into this approach by reinforcing positive attitudes in Nursing students. These findings show the need to seek strategies through specific educational interventions and policies. Engagement should be upheld throughout the degree and once they enter the job market to ensure the well-being during academic and future work life, a high-quality nursing care and patient safety.

Online (versus face-to-face) augmented reality experience on nursing students' leg ulcer competency: Two quasi-experimental studies.

AIM: The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to describe the influence of an augmented reality (AR)-based online educational experience on the academic performance and learning determinants of nursing students related to the study of leg ulcer care. We also set out to compare these online results with those obtained in the same experience developed a year before but in a face-to-face design. BACKGROUND: Undergraduate education in nursing aims to train students towards an acceptable level of competence for professional practice. Sometimes, some essential clinical areas of knowledge are particularly challenging for both students and nurse educators. One of these is the care of chronic wounds, particularly in leg ulcers where nurses play a key role. Currently face-to-face teaching methods are evolving to more active contexts and alternative means such as online learning and AR are becoming widely used, garnering encouraging results. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was used. Two experiments were carried out to meet the aims of the study, the first one was a pre-test post-test design in one group and the second one a post-test two experimental groups design. METHODS: Participants were undergraduate nursing students from the School of Nursing of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The two experimental groups received the same training but in different environments: online during 2019/2020 (n = 111) and onsite during 2018/2019 (n = 72). The instruments selected were a knowledge and skills test and two validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Regarding academic performance, the study demonstrated significant differences towards learning after the AR-based online experience (Z = -9.074; p ≤ 0.001). The participants also showed good results in relation to the learning determinants studied. Compared with students receiving AR-based face-to-face teaching, the students with the online learning approach scored better in the dimensions Autonomous Learning (U=3104.5; p = 0.020) and 3D Comprehension (U=3167.0; p = 0.035). However, the participants in the onsite experience scored higher in the Attention dimension (U=3163.0; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: AR positively influences academic performance and diverse educational variables when this experience is carried out online. Since both the online and face-to-face experience show statistically significant benefits in different dimensions of the learning determinants, the need to improve the AR learning experience through blended-learning environments should be promoted.

Effectiveness of augmented reality in learning about leg ulcer care: A quasi-experimental study in nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Chronic wounds are a serious public health problem worldwide. Providing optimal treatment to patients suffering from leg ulcers is a priority for nursing. Therefore, nursing students need to acquire the necessary competencies to provide evidence-based care. Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology in health science education which can help nursing students achieve these skills if it is promoted by both institutions and educationalists. OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of an AR-based methodology for teaching-learning aspects of the nursing curriculum (leg ulcer care), as well as to describe how AR influences different learning determinants of nursing students. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study was carried out. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: The participants of the study were 137 s-year nursing students from the School of Nursing of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) (average age = 21.59 years, 80.29 % females). Of them, 65 comprised the control group (Non-AR-based teaching) and 72 comprised the experimental group (AR-based teaching). METHODS: Pre-post tests were used to measure knowledge and skills about leg ulcer care in both groups. Additionally, two validated questionnaires were selected to identify the influence of AR on learning determinants in the experimental group. The study took place during the 2018/2019 academic year. RESULTS: Significantly higher scores (7.68 vs. 6.14) were found in the knowledge post-test in the experimental group (p ≤ 0.001), while the pre-test did not show differences between groups (4.43 vs. 4.32). Also, nursing students indicated high scores in attention, autonomous learning, understanding and motivation to carry out learning objectives using AR. CONCLUSIONS: AR is a tool that improves performance related to the specific aspects of the nursing academic curriculum (leg ulcer care), while encouraging positive attitudes towards the teaching-learning process. These findings reinforce the need to include innovative methodologies in nursing classrooms.

Blood donation attitudes and knowledge in Spanish undergraduates with roles in health-education.

BACKGROUND: Recent investigations highlight how important it is to identify the key factors involved in the design of strategies to promote blood donation among undergraduates as a public health concern. The study aims to investigate attitudes and knowledge towards blood donation in university students with health education roles and examine the way sociodemographic and educational characteristics play a part in it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and multi-center design was used. A structured questionnaire was answered by 1128 Spanish university students (Schools of Health Sciences and Education Sciences). RESULTS: The knowledge test indicated a low score (M = 4.2 out of 10), being Me = 3.00 in the case of Education Sciences and Me = 5.00 in Health Sciences students. The greatest degree of importance is found in the "external incentives" dimension (M = 3.7 out of 5). Health science students and participants with relatives who needed a donation showed fewer "fears" (p ≤ 0.001) and "pretexts" (p ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The low knowledge score stresses the need to develop valuable health education-related strategies in the curriculum of studies related with health education; showing room for improvement particularly in Education Science students. Health education interventions aimed at increasing donors in the university environment should be designed while considering differences among undergraduates. Based on their better attitudes, health science students might play a relevant role in promoting blood donation.

Positive and Negative Feelings among Spanish Young-Old and Old-Old during the Lockdown of the COVID-19 First Wave.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic required a population lockdown during the first wave in March 2020. Evidence has shown a circular relationship between perceived threat and the risk of developing negative mood, which might impact the affect balance of older adults. We aimed to investigate the positive and negative feelings expressed by young-old (60-70 years) and old-old (over 71 years) Spanish adults during the lockdown of the COVID-19 first wave, and the social and psychological variables associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 528 participants using a questionnaire composed of sociodemographic data and validated scales for resilience (Brief Resilient Coping Scale) and emotions (Scale of Positive and Negative Experience). RESULTS: We found a positive balance between positive and negative feelings with no differences between both groups. Regression analysis showed that social network and resilience, but not age, are significant predictors of both greater positive feelings and lower negative feelings. CONCLUSIONS: Our results evidence the relevance of promoting targeted support psychological and social measures that effectively help older adults to cope with such a difficult scenario as the current pandemic. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Health-care providers must develop targeted care strategies aimed at providing emotional support for older adults from a holistic perspective.

Care tasks and impact of caring in primary family caregivers: A cross-sectional study from a nursing perspective.

BACKGROUND: Family caregivers of persons with dementia often experience a negative impact on their health. More studies based on nursing theories are needed to improve the provision of care. AIMS: To describe the care provided by family caregivers of persons with dementia and the impact on their health, as well as to analyse how personal variables of caregivers are related to care tasks and their health impact. METHODS: Multi-centric cross-sectional prospective study conducted on a sample of 423 primary family caregivers of persons with dementia from Spain. Data were collected through ICUB97-R questionnaire (January-April 2019), based on the fourteen needs of Virginia Henderson's Nursing Model. Data was analysed through one-way analysis of variance and Student's t-test. RESULTS: The caregiver profile was a middle-aged married woman without higher education living with the cared person, predominantly her mother. The most frequently provided care corresponded to "nutrition" and "movement" needs. Lack of free time, modifications on leisure activities, reduced sleep or rest and disruption of family life emerged as the greatest repercussions on the caregiver's health. The age of the caregiver and time caring showed differences on impact of care and care tasks, respectively. CONCLUSION: The identification of the types of care provided, the health impact of caring and the variables affecting the family caregiver's vulnerability is essential to develop effective individualised nursing care plans, including health education interventions to improve the quality of life of both caregivers and persons cared for.

Attitudes and knowledge in blood donation among nursing students: A cross-sectional study in Spain and Portugal.

BACKGROUND: Blood donors are key in meeting the ever-increasing blood requirements worldwide. The Spanish and Portuguese donation systems are based on altruism and voluntariness. However, nursing students may not be fully aware of the importance of this social responsibility and their professional skills in this field. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify differences regarding attitudes towards and knowledge about blood donation among Spanish and Portuguese undergraduate Nursing students (1st to 8th semester), as well as to analyse how different variables account for them. DESIGN: A multicentre cross-sectional study was carried out. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: The participants of the study were 1038 nursing students from four Schools of Nursing in two countries, Spain and Portugal. METHODS: The web-based CADS-19 questionnaire to measure attitudes and knowledge was used during the academic years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Additionally, sociodemographic data were collected. RESULTS: The mean knowledge score was 3.079 out of 10 (SD = 1.429). The level of knowledge differed significantly by gender, where females scored higher, along with older students and previous donors. The highest mean attitude score corresponded to the "external incentives" dimension, significant differences were found between countries. In barriers and incentives, some differences were found depending on gender or sexual orientation, among others, with slightly better attitudes in Spanish participants. CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge was lower than expected, considering participants were nursing students. The attitude's comparative analysis between both countries showed significant differences, especially in the pretext dimension. As for greater donation rates found in Spanish students, nurse-led international partnerships could be designed to enhance health literacy and sensitivity among nursing undergraduates. Interventions should focus on specific theoretical and practical training programs and educative actions should contribute to a greater awareness, motivation, and sensitise students to blood donation.

A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality in Health Sciences: A Guide to Decision-Making in Higher Education.

The objective of this study was to investigate the usability of the augmented reality (AR) in higher education in the area of health sciences to describe what type of interventions have been developed, their impact on various psychopedagogical aspects of the students as well as the main advantages, disadvantages and challenges in incorporating AR in the teaching-learning process. A systematic review was carried out in the CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science databases and the Google Scholar search engine. The search was limited to original research articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese since 2014. The quality of the selected articles (n = 19) was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The applications and electronic devices used and the measurement instruments used were described. The use of AR made it easier for students to acquire skills, especially in courses with a high component of three-dimensional visualization, and positively influenced various aspects of the learning process such as motivation, satisfaction or autonomous learning. As an educational technological tool applied to higher education in health sciences, AR improves the teaching-learning process by influencing it in a multidimensional way.

A systematic review of the educational experiences and needs of children with cancer returning to school.

AIMS: To critically review and synthesize empirical studies on childhood cancer survivors' experiences and needs on returning to school after treatment. DESIGN: A mixed-method systematic review. DATA SOURCES: A search of CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ERIC and Web of Science was conducted for studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese languages between January 2010 and May 2020. REVIEW METHODS: Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion (13 qualitative studies, 6 quantitative and 2 mixed-method studies). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings were synthesized using data-based convergent synthesis design. RESULTS: Findings were synthesized under four themes: academic continuity and school re-entry; physical and psychological well-being; school life and participation and stakeholders' responses to childhood cancer. Findings indicated that prolonged/recurring absences, physical and mental changes, personal/health factors impacted children's social participation, peer relationships and school re-integration. Factors which contributed to a more positive experience included maintaining contact with peers and teachers throughout treatment, peer relationships, understanding and support from school community. Sharing information about cancer was an ongoing challenging issue for children, that needed to be handled sensitively. CONCLUSION: It is evident that re-entry to school was very challenging for most children due to treatment side effects, prolonged absences, disrupted peer relationships, lack of preparation and lack of communication between schools, families and healthcare professionals. IMPACT: Despite the growing number of childhood cancer survivors worldwide, there is a deficit of studies about children's re-entry experiences and educational needs. This review illustrates the considerable challenges that children face on school re-entry and the critical importance of better care, support and collaboration from healthcare professionals, parents and school personnel. Nurses could help by raising awareness and leading on preparation for school re-entry.

Gender impact of caring on the health of caregivers of persons with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a brain syndrome that affects a growing number of persons worldwide and generates a strong and progressive demand for care from a family caregiver, usually females. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the care provided by family caregivers of persons with dementia as well as the impact on their health and its interrelation with gender. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT: This study was carried out in collaboration with the 13 associations of family caregivers of persons with dementia that are part of a Regional Federation. This partnership worked towards bettering patient care and proposing improvements to the public health system. METHODS: A multi-institutional cross-sectional study. A total of 462 primary family caregivers of persons with dementia from north-west Spain were included. Data were collected between January and April 2019 with an anonymous self-administered validated questionnaire (ICUB-97) based on Virginia Henderson's nursing care model. RESULTS: The most affected needs in family caregivers are those related to "recreational activities", "communication" and "rest and sleep". Statistically significant differences between male and female participants' pattern of care and health-related impacts were found, especially in issues related to work and family reconciliation. DISCUSSION: Care plans should be developed taking gender perspective into account. From a nurse model point of view, more research is necessary to reduce health disparities. This study provides an assessment of gender differences in care and the impact on caregivers' health. PRACTICAL VALUE: Regarding the specific health conditions of female caregivers and from a holistic point of view, these findings could provide novel and interesting data that might help to implement gender perspective in nursing care plans, generally invisible in routine clinical practice.

Psychological, Social and Health-Related Challenges in Spanish Older Adults During the Lockdown of the COVID-19 First Wave.

Background: The global pandemic of COVID-19 has required a population lockdown. Spain has one of the oldest/most aging populations in the world and was one of the most affected countries. We aim to describe the psychological and social implications as well as health-related behaviors as a result of the lockdown in community-dwelling older adults. Materials and Methods: Observational cross-sectional study. A total of 528 participants of over 60 years of age were recruited using snowball sampling technique during the lockdown of the COVID-19 first wave using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire composed of descriptive questions and validated scales for resilience (Brief Resilient Coping Scale) and emotions (Scale of Positive And Negative Experience). Results: Most participants (76.9%) live with other people and have an open space at home (64%). Only 33.7% continued doing activities to promote healthy aging, 65.7% did less physical activity and 25.6% increased their intellectual activity. Most of them (83%) used electronic communication with family and friends to a greater extent, and left the house to run basic errands. Greater scores on resilience showed significant negative correlations with age and negative feelings, and positive correlations with the size of the social network and positive feelings. Lacking an open space at home was associated with more negative feelings. Discussion: Older people are a vulnerable group severely affected by this pandemic crisis at multiple levels, requiring specific interventions to minimize the effects of changes in lifestyle that may be harmful. Detecting needs is essential to improve care and support from community health and social services, both nowadays and in future similar situations.

Características del empleo de la vía subcutánea para la administración de medicamentos en pacientes en cuidados paliativos / Characteristics of the subcutaneous route use for the administration of medication in palliative care patients

JUSTIFICACIÓN: actualmente los cuidados paliativos (CP) están en aumento, siendo necesario sintetizar la evidencia disponible para ayudar en la toma de decisiones en la práctica clínica. OBJETIVO: describir las características del empleo de la vía subcutánea en CP, permitiendo basar los cuidados de enfermería en la evidencia. METODOLOGÍA: revisión narrativa empleando Pubmed, Cuiden, Dialnet, Google Académico y páginas web especializadas (2008-2018). Fueron analizados 23 artículos. RESULTADOS: la indicación de vía subcutánea en CP se realiza cuando la oral es insuficiente o inviable, mostrando los dispositivos utilizados tanto ventajas como inconvenientes. La elección de la zona de punción y el tipo de dispositivo se basará en la valoración integral de la persona, así como en el tipo de medicación, frecuencia y volumen administrados. CONCLUSIÓN: la vía subcutánea se utiliza habitualmente en CP, siendo importante conocer las características de la persona y su entorno para mejorar su confort y calidad de vida

JUSTIFICATION: palliative care (PC) is currently on the rise, it is necessary to synthesize the available evidence to assist the decision-making in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: to describe the characteristics of the use of the subcutaneous route in PC, allowing to base nursing care on evidence. METHODOLOGY: narrative review using Pubmed, Cuiden, Dialnet, Google Scholar and specialized web pages (2008-2018). 23 articles were analyzed. RESULTS: the indication of subcutaneous route in PC is given when the oral is insufficient or unfeasible, showing the devices both advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the puncture site and the type of device will be based on the integral assessment of the person, as well as on the type of medication, frequency and volume administered. CONCLUSION: the subcutaneous route is commonly used in PC, being important to know the characteristics of the person and the environment to improve his/her comfort and quality of life

¿Qué conocen las enfermeras de Galicia sobre las voluntades anticipadas? / What do Galicia's nurses know about living wills?

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de conocimiento y la actitud sobre las voluntades anticipadas de las enfermeras que trabajan en 3 hospitales del Servizo Galego de Saúde (España). Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico. Se realizó un muestreo estratificado a enfermeras de los complejos hospitalarios Universitarios de Ourense, Ferrol y Vigo. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 239 individuos. La recogida de los datos se realizó durante el primer semestre de 2018 mediante un cuestionario validado autocumplimentado («Cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales»). Resultados: Participaron un total de 262 enfermeras. Un 50% cree que los profesionales sanitarios están obligados a informar sobre las voluntades anticipadas. Un 2% considera que tiene suficiente información sobre el tema, y así lo demuestran en las preguntas de conocimientos, donde entre un 61-93% fallan en las preguntas relacionadas con la documentación, uso y aspectos legales de las mismas. Un 84% considera que tiene la obligación de respetar los valores y creencias de los pacientes y un 89% que los pacientes tienen derecho a recibir y decidir sobre la atención idónea. Un 13% considera que los pacientes no están bien informados sobre voluntades anticipadas, y un 83% recomendaría a sus pacientes crónicos la realización del documento de voluntades anticipadas. Conclusiones: Las enfermeras tienen un gran desconocimiento sobre los aspectos legales y el uso de las voluntades anticipadas, lo que les hace sentirse poco capaces para informar a sus pacientes sobre las mismas. A pesar de la falta de conocimiento, su actitud es positiva y la mayoría manifiesta que las recomendaría a sus pacientes

Objective: To analyse the level of knowledge and attitudes concerning living wills of nurses working in 3 hospitals of Servizo Galego de Saúde (Spain). Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional, multi-centre study. Stratified sampling was carried out with nurses from the University Hospital Complexes of Ourense, Ferrol and Vigo. A sample size of 239 individuals was calculated. The data was collected during the first semester of 2018 using a validated self-administered questionnaire («Cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales»). Results: A total of 262 nurses participated. Fifty percent believe that health professionals are obliged to inform about living wills. Two percent consider that they have enough information on the subject, and this is demonstrated in the knowledge questions, where between 61%-93% fail in the questions related to the documentation, use, and their legal aspects. Eighty-four percent consider that they have the obligation to uphold the values and beliefs of patients, and 89% that patients have the right to receive and decide on the right care. Thirteen percent consider that patients are not well informed about living wills, and 83% would recommend to chronic patients that they complete a living will. Conclusions: Nurses have a great lack of knowledge about the legal aspects and the use of living wills, which makes them feel unable to inform their patients about them. Despite of the lack of knowledge, their attitude is positive and most of them state that they would recommend them to their patients

What do Galicia's nurses know about living wills? / ¿Qué conocen las enfermeras de Galicia sobre las voluntades anticipadas?

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the level of knowledge and attitudes concerning living wills of nurses working in 3 hospitals of Servizo Galego de Saúde (Spain). METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, multi-centre study. Stratified sampling was carried out with nurses from the University Hospital Complexes of Ourense, Ferrol and Vigo. A sample size of 239 individuals was calculated. The data was collected during the first semester of 2018 using a validated self-administered questionnaire («Cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales¼). RESULTS: A total of 262 nurses participated. Fifty percent believe that health professionals are obliged to inform about living wills. Two percent consider that they have enough information on the subject, and this is demonstrated in the knowledge questions, where between 61%-93% fail in the questions related to the documentation, use, and their legal aspects. Eighty-four percent consider that they have the obligation to uphold the values and beliefs of patients, and 89% that patients have the right to receive and decide on the right care. Thirteen percent consider that patients are not well informed about living wills, and 83% would recommend to chronic patients that they complete a living will. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses have a great lack of knowledge about the legal aspects and the use of living wills, which makes them feel unable to inform their patients about them. Despite of the lack of knowledge, their attitude is positive and most of them state that they would recommend them to their patients.

Conhecimento de estudantes portugueses de enfermagem sobre doação de sangue / Conocimientos de estudiantes portugueses de Enfermería sobre donación de sangre / Knowledge of Portuguese nursing students about blood donation

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o nível de conhecimento de estudantes de Enfermagem face à doação de sangue; identificar a importância atribuída às barreiras para a doação de sangue; e, identificar os meios de comunicação digital mais utilizados. Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada numa Instituição de Ensino Superior da Região Centro de Portugal no ano letivo de 2018/2019. O estudo é descritivo, de natureza transversal, através de dois questionários ad hoc, preenchido on-line por 165 estudantes de Enfermagem. Resultados Os conhecimentos podem ser considerados de muito baixos (intervalo entre as doações; tempo de espera depois de fazer uma tatuagem ou um piercing; tempo de espera entre a ingestão de ferro; baixos (quantidade de sangue e alimentação prévia), médios (idade e peso mínimo, dador universal) e altos (casos em que o sangue é analisado). Os motivos para não doar sangue que assumiram bastante e muita importância foram "Porque tenho alguma condição física ou médica que me impede doar" e "Porque mantive práticas sexuais de risco". Conclusão A falta de conhecimentos sobre as condições de elegibilidade pode fazer com que uma pessoa considere, de forma errada, que não pode doar sangue. Tendo em conta os resultados obtidos e o acesso aos meios de comunicação digital, sugere-se que sejam implementados programas de e-saúde que promovam o aumento de conhecimentos e a redução de barreiras à doação de sangue.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de estudiantes de Enfermería sobre la donación de sangre, identificar la importancia atribuida a las barreras para la donación de sangre e identificar los medios de comunicación digital más utilizados. Métodos Se trata de un estudio realizado en una Institución de Enseñanza Superior de la región centro de Portugal en el año lectivo 2018/2019. El estudio es descriptivo, de naturaleza transversal, a través de dos cuestionarios ad hoc que fueron completados en línea por 165 estudiantes de Enfermería. Resultados Los conocimientos pueden considerarse muy bajos (intervalo entre las donaciones, tiempo de espera después de hacerse un tatuaje o piercing, tiempo de espera después de la ingesta de hierro); bajos (cantidad de sangre y alimentación previa); medios (edad y peso mínimo, donante universal) y altos (casos en que se analiza la sangre). Los motivos para no donar sangre que tuvieron bastante y mucha importancia fueron "Porque tengo alguna condición física o médica que me impide donar" y "Porque mantuve prácticas sexuales de riesgo". Conclusión La falta de conocimientos sobre las condiciones de elegibilidad puede provocar que una persona considere, de forma equivocada, que no puede donar sangre. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos y el acceso a los medios de comunicación, se sugiere implementar programas de eSalud que promuevan el aumento de conocimientos y la reducción de barreras para la donación de sangre.

Abstract Objective To assess the level of knowledge of nursing students regarding blood donation, to identify the importance consider challenges for blood donation, and to determine the most used digital communication channels. Methods This research was performed at University of Central Portugal in 2018/2019. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 165 nursing students completed online two ad hoc questionnaires. Results The level of knowledge can be classified as very low (interval between donations, waiting time after getting a tattoo or piercing, waiting time after taking iron supplements), low (amount of blood, eating before donation), medium (age and minimum weight, universal donor) and high (cases in which the blood was analyzed). The reasons for not donating blood that gained considerable and great importance were: "Because I have a physical or medical condition that makes me ineligible to donate" and "Because I had a risky sexual behavior". Conclusion The lack of knowledge about the eligibility requirements can make someone wrongly consider that he or she cannot donate blood. Considering the results obtained and the access to digital communication channels, the implementation of eHealth programs is recommended to promote more knowledge, and to reduce the barriers for blood donation.

La Enfermería escolar: contenidos y percepciones sobre su pertinencia en las escuelas inclusivas / School Nursing: contents and perceptions about its relevance in inclusive schools

Introducción: La Enfermería escolar existe en diversos países del mundo desde hace décadas. En España la presencia de Enfermería en los centros es aislada y no está regulada de manera uniforme. La promoción de la salud y Educación para la Salud juegan un papel clave en la salud actual de los escolares. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de consenso de expertos en salud pública e infantojuvenil sobre aspectos relacionados con la Enfermería escolar para esTablecer los contenidos que se deben desarrollar en la función asistencial y en Educación para la Salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo con enfoque cualitativo (técnica Delphi) en dos rondas con una muestra de 17 expertos. Se elaboró un cuestionario basal online pidiendo opiniones y propuestas sobre la Enfermería escolar. En la segunda ronda se incluyeron los porcentajes de respuesta y propuestas que se sometieron a priorización mediante valoración y consenso de los expertos. Resultados: La mayoría refrendan algún tipo de presencia física de enfermeras en los centros escolares, que contribuiría a mejorar la inclusión educativa y la atención a la diversidad. Se resalta su papel en materia de promoción de la salud y prevención, identificación precoz de enfermedades y atención a la salud mental. Conclusiones: Es preciso tener en cuenta el ámbito escolar como un nuevo y diferenciado entorno de actuación para Enfermería. El personal de Enfermería se convierte en un necesario agente de innovación en salud escolar que cuida de toda la comunidad educativa (escolares, profesorado y familia)

Introduction: The School Nursing service has existed in many countries around the world for decades. In Spain, the presence of Nursing in schools is isolated and not uniformly regulated. The promotion of health and Health Education plays a key role in students' current health. Objective: To determine experts' degree of consensus on public and child and youth health in terms of aspects related to School Nursing, with the aim of establishing the priority contents that should be developed in the care giving function and in Health Education. Materials and methods: A two-round prospective study with a qualitative approach (the Delphi method), based on a sample of 17 experts. An online baseline questionnaire was prepared, asking for opinions and proposals on School Nursing. The second round included the response percentages and proposals subject to prioritization by means of expert assessment and consensus. Results: Most endorse some type of physical presence of nurses in schools, which would contribute to improving educational inclusion and attention to diversity. Its role in the promotion of health and prevention, early identification of diseases, and attention to mental health is pointed out. Conclusions: The school environment should be taken into account as a new and differentiated operating environment for Nursing. Nursing staff becomes a necessary innovation agent in school health, looking after the entire educational community (students, teachers and family)

Depresión como factor de riesgo para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer: evidencias y papel de enfermería / Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: evidence and role of nursing

Introducción: la depresión y la demencia son dos patologías con una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial y multitud de rasgos en común. La demencia es un trastorno de carácter progresivo, siendo la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) el tipo más común. Por su parte, la depresión representa la principal causa mundial de discapacidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la depresión como factor de riesgo para la EA resaltando, además, el papel de enfermería a nivel preventivo. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en diversas fuentes de información. Es necesario destacar Pubmed como la principal base de datos a partir de la cual se obtuvieron la mayoría de artículos. Resultados y discusión: existen principalmente tres hipótesis acerca de la relación depresión-demencia: depresión como factor de riesgo, depresión como pródromo, o depresión y demencia patologías independientes. Son múltiples los aspectos que deben valorarse en cada caso, agregándose así mayor complejidad a las investigaciones. A nivel neurobiológico también está probada la presencia de mecanismos patológicos comunes. Se destaca la prevención como punto clave en el abordaje de estos trastornos, donde enfermería desempeña un importante papel en la detección precoz y la educación para salud. Conclusiones: la depresión como factor de riesgo para la EA ha sido corroborada en numerosos estudios. Pese a ello, sigue sin existir acuerdo definitivo y, por lo tanto, resulta crucial continuar investigando y profundizando en el binomio depresión-demencia

Introduction: depression and dementia are two diseases with a high prevalence worldwide and many features in common. Dementia is a progressive disorder being Alzheimer's Disease the most frequent type. On the other hand, depression represents the first worldwide cause of disability. The objective of this review is to analyze depression as a risk factor in the development of Alzheimer's Disease and to highlight the role of nurses regarding prevention in this field. Methods: a bibliographic systematic search in diverse data bases was done. It is necessary to highlight PubMed as the main data base from which the majority of articles included were obtained. Results and discussion: there are mainly three hypotheses about the relationship between depression and dementia: depression as a risk factor, depression as a prodrome or depression and dementia as two independent pathologies. Moreover, there are a lot of aspects that must be taken into account in each case adding more complexity to the investigations. At the neurobiological level there is also evidence of common pathological mechanisms for both diseases. In addition, prevention has to be emphasized as a key point in the treatment of these disorders and nurses play a crucial role in early diagnosis and health education. Conclusions: depression as a risk factor to Alzheimer's Disease has been demonstrated in many studies. However, there is not a conclusive agreement and, therefore, it is crucial to continue investigating the relation between depression and dementia

Conocimiento enfermero sobre prevención, diagnóstico y cuidados de las úlceras de extremidad inferior en un área sanitaria / Nursing knowledge about prevention, diagnosis and care of lower extremity ulcers in a Health Area

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de conocimiento de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia sobre cuidados de úlceras de extremidad inferior (UEI) que tratan las enfermeras que trabajan en el Área Sanitaria de Ferrol. Analizar su relación con la formación continuada. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional mediante cuestionario diseñado ad hoc entre mayo y junio de 2015. La población de estudio la constituyeron enfermeras que trabajaban en hospital, atención primaria o centro sociosanitario que posea concierto en suministro de productos de cura en ambiente húmedo. Se obtiene autorización del CEIC de Galicia. Resultados: Participaron 205 enfermeras (66% de la población a estudio). Un 62% ha realizado algún curso de formación sobre UEI en los últimos 5 años. Todas manifiestan que se debe tener en cuenta la calidad de vida de estos pacientes; un 5,9% utiliza la herramienta validada para su valoración. El 94,1% considera útil una "app" sobre UEI en algún dispositivo electrónico. Las variables con capacidad independiente para predecir el conocimiento sobre UEI son conocer las guías de práctica clínica, saber calcular el índice tobillo-brazo y los valores para detectar claudicación intermitente; esta última es la más decisiva. Conclusiones: A pesar de la formación recibida, existen áreas en las que es necesario incidir. Mejorar su capacitación es imprescindible para asegurar la calidad en la atención de las personas que las padecen. Se objetiva la necesidad sentida de los profesionales respecto a la creación de una aplicación como herramienta de ayuda en la toma de decisiones

Aim: Determine the degree of knowledge about recommendations based on care evidence, of lower-extremity ulcers by nurses working in the Health Area of Ferrol. Analyze the relationship with continuous training. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study through a questionnaire designed ad hoc between May and June 2015. The study population were nurses that worked in the Hospital, Primary Care and Socio-Health Center that had a concert in products supply of wound healing in humid environment. The study has been approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Galicia. Results: 205 nurses have participated (66% of the population to study). 62% have done a training course of leg ulcers for the last 5 years. All of them shows that the quality of life of these patients must be considered; 5.9% use the validated tool for their assessment. 94.1% consider useful an app of leg ulcer in some electronic device. The variables with independent ability to predict the knowledge about LowerExtremity Ulcers are know the clinical practice guidelines, know how to calculate the Arm-Ankle Index and the values to detect intermittent claudication, being the last one the most decisive. Conclusions: Despite the training received there are areas in which it is necessary to influence. Improving their training is essential to ensure the quality of care for people who suffer from them. The felt need of the professionals regarding the creation of an application as a help tool in making decisions is objectified