Bovine herpesviruses do not play a major role in the differential diagnosis of rabies in cattle in Southern Brazil / Bovine herpesviruses do not play a major role in the differential diagnosis of rabies in cattle in Southern Brazil

Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH

Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH

Bovine herpesviruses do not play a major role in the differential diagnosis of rabies in cattle in Southern Brazil / Bovine herpesviruses do not play a major role in the differential diagnosis of rabies in cattle in Southern Brazil

Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH

Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH

Soroprevalência e fatores de risco para a infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) no Estado de Goiás, Brasil

The main objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate BHV-1 seroprevalence in a population of non-vaccinated cattle in Goiás State, Brazil, and to determine potential risk factors related to the seroprevalence. It was conducted from March to September, 2002. Serum samples were collected from 6,932 animals of 892 herds from 232 municipalities in Goiás. Sera were tested for antibodies against BHV-1 using the serum neutralization test. Information regarding animals and herds were recorded through a personal interview with the farmer or farmer manager. The data were analyzed using Epi Info 6.04 and Epi Info for Windows 3.01 programs. The seroprevalence was 51.9%. Eight hundred and seventy nine out of 892 herds (98.5%) had at least one seropositive animal, and all (100%) municipalities showed at least one herd/animal positive. Only age influenced the distribution of neutralization antibodies to this virus in animals. None of the exposure variables analyzed was considered as risk factors for the infection with BHV-1 in cattle herds. With these results we conclude that the infection is spread among cattle herds of municipalities in the state of Goiás.

Este foi um estudo descritivo e transversal que objetivou estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) em animais não vacinados e determinar os potenciais fatores de risco para a infecção em rebanhos bovinos no Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Amostras sorológicas de 6.932 animais em 892 propriedades de 232 municípios em Goiás foram coletadas entre março e setembro/2002 e a pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada através de teste de soroneutralização. Informações dos animais e propriedades amostradas foram registradas em questionários. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do programa Epi Info versão 6.04. A soroprevalência para o BHV-1 nos animais foi de 51,9%. Das 892 propriedades amostradas, 98,5% apresentaram, pelo menos, um animal soropositivo e todos os municípios pesquisados (100%) apresentaram, pelo menos, uma propriedade positiva demonstrando que a infecção pelo BHV-1 encontra-se altamente disseminada entre rebanhos bovinos dos municípios de Goiás. Em relação aos fatores de risco, apenas a idade mostrou-se associada à soropositividade nos animais, enquanto nas propriedades, nenhuma das variáveis analisadas foi considerada como fator de risco. Este fato pode ser devido à elevada prevalência da infecção na região.

Soroprevalência e fatores de risco para a infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) no Estado de Goiás, Brasil

The main objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate BHV-1 seroprevalence in a population of non-vaccinated cattle in Goiás State, Brazil, and to determine potential risk factors related to the seroprevalence. It was conducted from March to September, 2002. Serum samples were collected from 6,932 animals of 892 herds from 232 municipalities in Goiás. Sera were tested for antibodies against BHV-1 using the serum neutralization test. Information regarding animals and herds were recorded through a personal interview with the farmer or farmer manager. The data were analyzed using Epi Info 6.04 and Epi Info for Windows 3.01 programs. The seroprevalence was 51.9%. Eight hundred and seventy nine out of 892 herds (98.5%) had at least one seropositive animal, and all (100%) municipalities showed at least one herd/animal positive. Only age influenced the distribution of neutralization antibodies to this virus in animals. None of the exposure variables analyzed was considered as risk factors for the infection with BHV-1 in cattle herds. With these results we conclude that the infection is spread among cattle herds of municipalities in the state of Goiás.

Este foi um estudo descritivo e transversal que objetivou estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) em animais não vacinados e determinar os potenciais fatores de risco para a infecção em rebanhos bovinos no Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Amostras sorológicas de 6.932 animais em 892 propriedades de 232 municípios em Goiás foram coletadas entre março e setembro/2002 e a pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada através de teste de soroneutralização. Informações dos animais e propriedades amostradas foram registradas em questionários. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do programa Epi Info versão 6.04. A soroprevalência para o BHV-1 nos animais foi de 51,9%. Das 892 propriedades amostradas, 98,5% apresentaram, pelo menos, um animal soropositivo e todos os municípios pesquisados (100%) apresentaram, pelo menos, uma propriedade positiva demonstrando que a infecção pelo BHV-1 encontra-se altamente disseminada entre rebanhos bovinos dos municípios de Goiás. Em relação aos fatores de risco, apenas a idade mostrou-se associada à soropositividade nos animais, enquanto nas propriedades, nenhuma das variáveis analisadas foi considerada como fator de risco. Este fato pode ser devido à elevada prevalência da infecção na região.

ARTRITE ENCEFALITE CAPRINA: IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ANIMAIS SOROPOSITIVOS NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

Soros sangüíneos de 29 caprinos do plantel de animais da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás foram colhidos para análise quanto à presença de anticorpos para o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE), após ser realizada necropsia de uma fêmea que veio a óbito três meses após o parto demonstrando sinais clínicos e achados macroscópicos compatíveis com a infecção pelo CAEV. Dos animais colhidos, oito apresentavam aumento de volume articular ao exame clínico, sete machos reprodutores e o restante de fêmeas em idade adulta. O soro obtido foi submetido à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-gp135 e anti-gp28 pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel ágar. Dez animais (34,5%) foram positivos para CAE e outros dez considerados suspeitos. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a presença da infecção no plantel e destacam a necessidade de testes sorológicos dos caprinos do Estado de Goiás para uma avaliação da situação desta enfermidade no Estado. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: CAE, CAEV, caprinos, IDGA.

Artrite encefalite caprina: identificação de animais soropositivos no estado de goiás

Soros sangüíneos de 29 caprinos do plantel de animais da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás foram colhidos para análise quanto à presença de anticorpos para o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE), após ser realizada necropsia de uma fêmea que veio a óbito três meses após o parto demonstrando sinais clínicos e achados macroscópicos compatíveis com a infecção pelo CAEV. Dos animais colhidos, oito apresentavam aumento de volume articular ao exame clínico, sete machos reprodutores e o restante de fêmeas em idade adulta. O soro obtido foi submetido à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-gp135 e anti-gp28 pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel ágar. Dez animais (34,5%) foram positivos para CAE e outros dez considerados suspeitos. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a presença da infecção no plantel e destacam a necessidade de testes sorológicos dos caprinos do Estado de Goiás para uma avaliação da situação desta enfermidade no Estado. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: CAE, CAEV, caprinos, IDGA.

Characterization of mixed infections with different strains of bovine rotavirus in an outbreak of diarrhea in dairy herds in Goiás, Brazil

Ten faecal samples of bovine rotavirus from calves less than 30 days old from an outbreak of diarrhea in Hidrolândia, Goiás, Brazil were submitted to serological and molecular characterization, using enzyme immunoassay for subgrouping and serotyping, PAGE for determination of electropherotypes and PCR for genome typing. Nine samples belonged to group A/subgroup I rotavirus and one sample was group A / subgroup non-I/non-II. Four samples were characterized as G10P[11] (B223-like), four samples showed a mixture of two rotavirus strains (G6G10 and P[5]P[11]), one sample was characterized as G6P[11] and one sample was characterized only by G serotyping/genotyping, and did not react with any P primer used. Two electropherotypes were detected and both were present in the same animal. This study demonstrates that two different electropherotypes and/or serotypes of bovine rotavirus can circulate in the same outbreak.

Dez amostras fecais de rotavírus de bovinos de menos de 30 dias de idade, provenientes de um surto de diarréia no município de Hidrolândia, Goiás, Brasil foram submetidas à caracterização sorológica e molecular. Nove amostras foram caracterizadas como grupo A/subgrupo I e uma amostra foi grupo A/ subgrupo não-I/não-II. Quatro amostras foram caracterizadas como G10P[11] (B-223-like), quatro apresentaram mistura de rotavirus (G6G10 e P[5]P[11]), uma amostra foi caracterizada como G6P[11] e uma amostra foi caracterizada apenas como G10, não sendo caracterizada para genotipo P. Foram detectados dois eletroferótipos diferentes, ambos presentes no mesmo animal. Este estudo demonstra que em surtos de diarréia, podem estar presentes dois eletroferótipos e/ou sorotipos/genotipos de rotavírus de bovinos.