Factors associated with a positive experience at US fertility clinics: the male partner perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with a positive male patient experience (PMPE) at fertility clinics among male patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study Setting: Not applicable Patients: Male respondents to the FertilityIQ questionnaire ( www.fertilityiq.com ) reviewing the first or only US clinic visited between June 2015 and August 2020. INTERVENTIONS: None Main outcome measures: PMPE was defined as a score of 9 or 10 out of 10 to the question, "Would you recommend this fertility clinic to a best friend?". Examined predictors included demographics, payment details, infertility diagnoses, treatment, and outcomes, physician traits, and clinic operations and resources. Multiple imputation was used for missing variables and logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for factors associated with PMPE. RESULTS: Of the 657 men included, 60.9% reported a PMPE. Men who felt their doctor was trustworthy (aOR 5.01, 95% CI 0.97-25.93), set realistic expectations (aOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.10-6.80), and was responsive to setbacks (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.14-5.18) were more likely to report PMPE. Those who achieved pregnancy after treatment were more likely to report PMPE; however, this was no longer significant on multivariate analysis (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 0.68-2.47). Clinic-related factors, including ease of scheduling appointments (aOR 4.03, 95% CI 1.63-9.97) and availability of same-day appointments (aOR 4.93, 95% CI 1.75-13.86), were associated with PMPE on both univariate and multivariate analysis. LGBTQ respondents were more likely to report PMPE, whereas men with a college degree or higher were less likely to report PMPE; however, sexual orientation (aOR 3.09, 95% CI 0.86-11.06) and higher educational level (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30-1.10) were not associated with PMPE on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Physician characteristics and clinic characteristics indicative of well-run administration were the most highly predictive of PMPE. By identifying factors that are associated with a PMPE, clinics may be able to optimize the patient experience and improve the quality of infertility care that they provide for both men and women.

The state of PSA counseling in male-to-female transgender patients in the U.S.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) are known to vary heavily based on socioeconomic and demographic risk factors. We sought to describe prescreening PSA (prostate-specific antigen) counseling (PPC) rates amongst male-to-female transgender (MtF-TG) patients and non-TG patients using the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS). METHODS: We used the survey data from 2014, 2016, and 2018 BRFSS and included respondents aged 40-79 years who completed the "PCa screening" and "sexual orientation and gender identity" modules. We analyzed differences in age, education level, income level, marital status, and race/ethnicity using Pearson's χ2 tests. The association of PPC with MtF-TG status and other patient characteristics was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 175,383 respondents were included, of which 0.3% identified as MtF-TG. Overall, 62.4% of respondents reported undergoing PPC. On univariate analysis, PPC rates were lower among MtF-TG respondents when compared to the non-TG group (58.3% vs. 62.4%, p = 0.03). MtF-TG respondents were also more likely to report lower education level (p < 0.01), lower-income level (p < 0.01), and were less likely to be white (p < 0.01) than non-TG respondents. However, multivariate analysis adjusting for these respondent features demonstrated an association between higher income and higher education levels with increased odds of PPC, but no association was demonstrated between MtF-TG status and PPC rates. PPC rates for the MtF-TG and non-TG populations did not change significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS: Although PPC was less frequently reported among MtF-TG respondents than in the non-TG group on univariate analysis, this association was not demonstrated when controlling for confounders, including education and income levels. Instead, on multivariate analysis, low education and income levels were more predictive of PPC rates. Further research is needed to ensure equivalent access to prescreening counseling for patients across the socioeconomic and gender identity spectrum.

The Twilight Zone: Oxybutynin Overuse Exacerbating Delirium.

Anticholinergic medications, such as oxybutynin, are first-line pharmacologic therapies in overactive bladder. However, the cognitive adverse effect profiles of frequently used anticholinergic medications are extensive and limit their use in older patients. Additionally, many older patients continue on anticholinergic therapy if adverse effects are not self-reported by the patient or detected by the provider.Here, we present a case of a 73-year-old male with a history of major neurocognitive disorder, in which unreported oxybutynin overuse led to repeated delirious states, erratic driving, and subsequent psychiatric hospitalizations. During his hospitalizations, he displayed progressively more linear thought processes and improved insight without clear etiology. After a more thorough history of his medication use was obtained, he disclosed that he would often take additional doses of oxybutynin to prevent incontinence during car rides and had done so prior to recent hospitalizations.Our example highlights the importance of thorough history taking, medication review, reducing polypharmacy, careful patient education about medications with psychiatric adverse effects, and, importantly, the avoidance of anticholinergic medication prescription in older patients.

Defining the Variance: The Current State of Female and URM Concordance of Urology Resident Workforce to the General U.S. Population.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the current representation of women and underrepresented minorities in medicine (URM) of the urologic resident workforce to the general U.S. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on current gender and racial distribution of U.S. urology residents was obtained from the 2019-2020 ACGME Data Resource Book and compared to the projected 2019 U.S. population as reported in the U.S. Census data. In this study, URM status included Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American/Alaskan, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and Other. For each gender and race/ethnicity, the percent differences in representation were calculated by subtracting the frequency in the general U.S. population from that of the urology resident workforce and two sample z-tests were performed. RESULTS: 1734 urology residents were identified in 2019-2020, of which 471 (27.2%) were female and 258 (14.9%) were URM. Two sample z-tests revealed a significantly lower representation in urologic residency programs for women (-23.6%, P-value < .05) and URMs (-19.1%, P-value < .05). Race/ethnicity subgroup analyses revealed underrepresentation of Black/African American (-9.7%, P-value < .05), Hispanic/Latino (-14.2%, P-value < .05), Native American/Alaskan (-1.1%, P-value < .05). CONCLUSION: Women and URMs continue to be significantly underrepresented in urology residency relative to the general U.S. POPULATION: Further study should better understand barriers to entering the urologic workforce and identify strategies to encourage interest in urology among female and URM prospective trainees.

Lowering A1c Through Integrated Behavioral Health Group Visits.

INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVE: Suboptimal adherence to medication and lifestyle modification continues to be a problem in diabetic patients in the US. Previous studies have investigated the potential of group educational visits in improving medication adherence and short-term health outcomes, but few have done so using a biopsychosocial approach in visits. This study aimed to evaluate the effect that group visits, conducted using an integrated behavioral health model at a primary care practice, had on A1c and distress levels in diabetic adults. METHODS: Using the Diabetic Distress Scale (DDS), 15 adults were identified as having moderate diabetic distress (> 3.0) between December 2016 and May 2017 and invited to attend a group visit in May 2017 to address identified barriers. Of those, nine attended. The group visit, conducted by a psychologist, sought to reduce diabetic distress by targeting behavioral and social factors, including improving social and familial support, using diabetes online forums, and improving mind-body connection. Repeat A1c and DDS measurements for all nine visit participants were collected three months after. RESULTS: Group visit participants experienced a decrease in A1c (p=0.011). All nine participants had a decrease in their post-intervention DDS. Of the six patients who had positive DDS screens but did not attend, three had increased A1c, two had no change, one had a decrease, and one did not have a repeat A1c. CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary group visits targeting the biopsychosocial model may be an efficient supplement to the individual medical visit to further improve control of diabetic distress and short-term morbidity in Rhode Island.

Predictors of Mortality in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage: A National Trauma Data Bank Study.

Background/Objective: Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) accounts for significant trauma morbidity and mortality. Several studies have developed prognostic models for tICH outcomes, but previous models face limitations, including poor generalizability and limited accuracy. The objective was to develop a prognostic model and determine predictors of mortality using the largest trauma database in the U.S., applying rigorous analytical methodology with true hold-out-set model validation. Methods: We identified 248,536 patients in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2012 to 2016 with a diagnosis code associated with tICH. For each admission, we collected demographic information, systolic blood pressure, blood alcohol level (BAL), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), presence of epidural/subdural/subarachnoid/intraparenchymal hemorrhage, comorbidities, complications, trauma center level, and trauma center region. Our final study population was 212,666 patients following exclusion of records with missing data. The dependent variable was patient death. Linear support vector machine (SVM) classification was carried out with recursive feature selection. Model performance was assessed using holdout 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Cross-validation demonstrated a mean accuracy of 0.792 (95% CI 0.783-0.799). Accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC were 0.827, 0.309, 0.750, and 0.791, respectively. In the final model, high ISS, advanced age, subdural hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage were associated with increased mortality, while high GCS verbal and motor subscores, current smoker, BAL beyond the legal limit, and level 1 trauma center were associated with decreased mortality. Conclusions: A linear SVM model was developed for tICH, with nine features selected as predictors of mortality. These findings are applicable to multiple hemorrhage subtypes and may benefit the triage of high risk patients upon admission. While many studies have attempted to create models to predict mortality in TBI, we sought to confirm those predictors using modern modeling approaches, machine learning, and true hold-out test sets, using the largest available TBI database in the U.S. We find that while the predictors we identify are consistent with prior reports, overall prediction accuracy is somewhat lower than prior reports when assessed more rigorously.

Is the Readability of Spine-Related Patient Education Material Improving?: An Assessment of Subspecialty Websites.

STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of spine-related patient education materials (PEMs) from subspecialty websites. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the readability of spine-related PEMs and compare to readability data from 2008. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Many spine patients use the Internet for health information. Several agencies recommend that the readability of online PEMs should be no greater than a sixth-grade reading level, as health literacy predicts health-related quality of life outcomes. This study evaluated whether the North American Spine Society (NASS), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) online PEMs meet recommended readability guidelines for medical information. METHODS: All publicly accessible spine-related entries within the patient education section of the NASS, AANS, and AAOS websites were analyzed for grade level readability using the Flesch-Kincaid formula. Readability scores were also compared with a similar 2008 analysis. Comparative statistics were performed. RESULTS: A total of 125 entries from the subspecialty websites were analyzed. The average (SD) readability of the online articles was grade level 10.7 (2.3). Of the articles, 117 (93.6%) had a readability score above the sixth-grade level. The readability of the articles exceeded the maximum recommended level by an average of 4.7 grade levels (95% CI, 4.292-5.103; P < 0.001). Compared with 2008, the three societies published more spine-related patient education articles (61 vs. 125, P = 0.045) and the average readability level improved from 11.5 to 10.7 (P = 0.018). Of three examined societies, only one showed significant improvement over time. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the spine-related PEMs on the NASS, AAOS, and AANS websites have readability levels that may make comprehension difficult for a substantial portion of the patient population. Although some progress has been made in the readability of PEMs over the past 7 years, additional improvement is necessary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.