Evidence of the cooperative response of Blattella germanica gut microbiota to antibiotic treatment.

Gut microbiota plays a key role in host health under normal conditions. However, bacterial composition can be altered by external factors such as antibiotic (AB) intake. While there are many descriptive publications about the effects of AB on gut microbiota composition after treatment, the dynamics and interactions among the bacterial taxa are still poorly understood. In this work, we performed a longitudinal study of gut microbiome dynamics in B. germanica treated with kanamycin. The AB was supplied in three separate periods, giving the microbiota time to recover between each antibiotic intake. We applied two new statistical models, not focusing on pair-wise interactions, to more realistically study the interactions between groups of bacterial taxa and how some groups affect a single taxon. The first model provides information on the importance of a given genus, and the rest of the community, to define the abundance of that genus. The second model, on the other hand, provides details about the relationship between groups of bacteria, focusing on which community groups affect the taxa. These models help us to identify which bacteria are community-dependent in stress conditions, which taxa might be better adapted than the rest of the community, and which bacteria might be working together within the community to overcome the antibiotic. In addition, these models enable us to identify different bacterial groups that were separated in control conditions but were found together in treated conditions, suggesting that when the environment is more hostile (as it is under antibiotic treatment), the whole community tends to work together.

Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Anxiety, Compulsive Exercise and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents.

Anxiety has been suggested to be a key contributing factor for compulsive exercise, however, existing literature has demonstrated contradictory relationships between anxiety and compulsive exercise among adolescents. According to the Emotional Cascade Model (ECM), factors such as rumination and emotional suppression may mediate the association between affect and exercise. The current study therefore aimed to investigate whether rumination and emotional suppression mediate the relationship between anxiety and compulsive exercise in predicting ED symptoms in adolescents. Questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety, depressive rumination, emotional suppression, and ED symptoms were completed by 212 adolescent males (Mage = 13.39, SD = 1.22) and 189 adolescent females (Mage = 13.64, SD = 1.29). The structural equation model showed indirect effects between anxiety and compulsive exercise through rumination and emotional suppression in males but not in females. Moreover, anxiety had an indirect effect on eating disorder symptoms through rumination, emotional suppression and compulsive exercise in both males and females. In line with ECM, the results suggest that rumination and emotional suppression may have a key role in the association between anxiety, compulsive exercise and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents. These findings suggest that compulsive exercise may be used as a dysfunctional coping mechanism to escape from a negative emotional cascade generated by the interaction of anxiety, rumination and emotional suppression. Future longitudinal studies to test the role of compulsive exercise as a dysfunctional behaviour in the ECM are needed.

What Do Children Think of Their Perceived and Ideal Bodies? Understandings of Body Image at Early Ages: A Mixed Study.

Research into children's body perceptions and ideals is scarce despite evidence of body dissatisfaction in childhood. This study aimed to understand preschoolers' body image by employing a mixed design. Using a novel figural scale (Preschoolers' Body Scale) that comprises four child figures ranging in BMI, 395 children ages 4-6 (54% boys) selected their perceived and ideal body and explained why they picked these bodies. Children tended to underestimate their body size and many of them desired slimmer bodies, especially girls and older participants, although body-size perception improved with age. Most children showed body satisfaction, especially boys and younger children. Ideal body choices were not always explained by beauty ideals but by physical abilities, desire to grow up, mothers' comments, and nutrition. Many responses reflected limited body awareness, suggesting body image may not yet be fully formed in preschoolers due to their incipient cognitive development.

Physical Fitness and Peer Relationships in Spanish Preadolescents.

Several studies have linked physical fitness (PF) with improvements in health, at a physiological and psychological level; however, there is little evidence of its relationship with health in the social field. Hence, the main aim of this study was to determine the existing relationship between PF and peer relations, as an indicator of social health in Spanish pre-teens. For that purpose, 642 participants aged 9 to 12 were chosen and given the high-priority Alpha Fitness battery in order to assess the PF, as well as the Classroom Social Experiences Query (CESC) to assess their social status. The results showed that those students with a better cardio-respiratory fitness obtained more nominations from their classmates in pro-sociality and positive status, and fewer in victimisation and negative status. Additionally, although to a lesser extent, muscular fitness was also related to a higher positive status and lower victimisation. The weight condition was also related to social behaviours, although the resulting data were differentiated by sex. While females with a standard weight stood out for their positive status, underweight males obtained worse results in positive status and fewer in negative status. These results all correspond with the aesthetic models imposed by society for females and males, respectively. These results show that PF is related to social health, which makes necessary the promotion of physical activity and the development of PF within the school environment, with attention to its relationship with the social health of the students.

Modelling tick bite risk by combining random forests and count data regression models.

The socio-economic and demographic changes that occurred over the past 50 years have dramatically expanded urban areas around the globe, thus bringing urban settlers in closer contact with nature. Ticks have trespassed the limits of forests and grasslands to start inhabiting green spaces within metropolitan areas. Hence, the transmission of pathogens causing tick-borne diseases is an important threat to public health. Using volunteered tick bite reports collected by two Dutch initiatives, here we present a method to model tick bite risk using human exposure and tick hazard predictors. Our method represents a step forward in risk modelling, since we combine a well-known ensemble learning method, Random Forest, with four count data models of the (zero-inflated) Poisson family. This combination allows us to better model the disproportions inherent in the volunteered tick bite reports. Unlike canonical machine learning models, our method can capture the overdispersion or zero-inflation inherent in data, thus yielding tick bite risk predictions that resemble the original signal captured by volunteers. Mapping model predictions enables a visual inspection of the spatial patterns of tick bite risk in the Netherlands. The Veluwe national park and the Utrechtse Heuvelrug forest, which are large forest-urban interfaces with several cities, are areas with high tick bite risk. This is expected, since these are popular places for recreation and tick activity is high in forests. However, our model can also predict high risk in less-intensively visited recreational areas, such as the patchy forests in the northeast of the country, the natural areas along the coastline, or some of the Frisian Islands. Our model could help public health specialists to design mitigation strategies for tick-borne diseases, and to target risky areas with awareness and prevention campaigns.

Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents: Differences by Sex, BMI and Type and Organisation of Physical Activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in body dissatisfaction (BD) of male and female adolescents by body max index (BMI) and the quantity, type and organisation of physical activity (PA). To do so, 652 adolescents aged 12-17 years participated in a cross-sectional study. The cognitive-affective component of BD was assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the perceptual component with Gardner's scale for the assessment of, body image (BI). PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the item 1 from the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). The results show that sex and BMI are key variables when determining BD. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was moderately associated with a greater body satisfaction in males but no association was found between BD and the participation and organisation of PA. Moreover, the results suggest that participants in aesthetic/lean PA are at a higher risk of suffering from BD than participants in other PA types. These findings provide useful information for the design of programmes promoting healthy lifestyles, weight control and BI concern during the school period.

Temporal-Spatial Variation in Questing Tick Activity in the Netherlands: The Effect of Climatic and Habitat Factors.

Longitudinal studies are fundamental in the assessment of the effect of environmental factors on tick population dynamics. In this study, we use data from a 10-year study in 11 different locations in the Netherlands to gauge the effects of climatic and habitat factors on the temporal and spatial variation in questing tick activity. Marked differences in the total number of ticks were found between locations and between years. We investigated which climatic and habitat factors might explain this variation. No effects of climatic factors on the total number of ticks per year were observed, but we found a clear effect of temperature on the onset of tick activity. In addition, we found positive associations between (1) humus layer thickness and densities of all three stages, (2) moss and blackberry abundance and larval densities, and (3) blueberry abundance and densities of larva and nymphs. We conclude that climatic variables do not have a straightforward association with tick density in the Netherlands, but that winter and spring temperatures influence the onset of tick activity. Habitats with apparently similar vegetation types can still differ in tick population densities, indicating that local composition of vegetation and especially of wildlife is likely to contribute considerably to the spatial variation in tick densities.

Using volunteered observations to map human exposure to ticks.

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in Europe and its incidence has steadily increased over the last two decades. In the Netherlands alone, more than 20,000 citizens are affected by LB each year. Because of this, two Dutch citizen science projects were started to monitor tick bites. Both projects have collected nearly 50,000 geo-located tick bite reports over the period 2006-2016. The number of tick bite reports per area unit is a proxy of tick bite risk. This risk can also be modelled as the result of the interaction of hazard (e.g. tick activity) and human exposure (e.g. outdoor recreational activities). Multiple studies have focused on quantifying tick hazard. However, quantifying human exposure is a harder task. In this work, we make a first step to map human exposure to ticks by combining tick bite reports with a tick hazard model. Our results show human exposure to tick bites in all forested areas of the Netherlands. This information could facilitate the cooperation between public health specialists and forest managers to create better mitigation campaigns for tick-borne diseases, and it could also support the design of improved plans for ecosystem management.

Percepción del tamaño corporal e insatisfacción en Niños de 3 a 6 años: una revisión sistemática / Perception of body size and dissatisfaction in children aged 3 to 6: a systematic review

La imagen corporal es un constructo ampliamente estudiado, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la percepción e insatisfacción con la propia imagen. La mayoría de las investigaciones se centran en la adolescencia y adultez, aunque los problemas de insatisfacción aparecen cada vez a edades más tempranas. Por tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue analizar los hallazgos más transcendentes sobre insatisfacción corporal y percepción del propio tamaño corporal en niños de 3 a 6 años (segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil). A tal fin, se usaron las bases de datos de Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest y EBSCO, de las cuales se seleccionaron 22 estudios, en base a criterios de exclusión como el idioma, la revisión por pares y la medición objetiva del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de los niños. Los resultados son diversos en cuanto a los niveles de insatisfacción, lo cual hace imposible establecer conclusiones acertadas sobre las características y prevalencia de dicha variable a estas edades. Entre las principales razones de esta dificultad destaca el tipo de instrumento empleado y las dificultades de los niños para percibir su cuerpo con exactitud (AU)

Body image is a construct that has been widely studied, particularly with regard to image perception and dissatisfaction. Though most research studies focus on adolescence and adulthood, dissatisfaction problems are manifesting themselves at increasingly early ages. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyse the most significant findings on body dissatisfaction and body-size perception among children aged 3 to 6 (second cycle of pre-school education). To this end the Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest and EBSCO databases were used, and from which a total of 22 studies were selected in accordance with exclusion criteria such as language, peer review and the objective measurement of the body mass index (BMI) of children. In terms of levels of dissatisfaction, results vary widely, making it impossible to draw sound conclusions on the nature and prevalence of this variable at these ages. The main reasons for this include the type of instrument used and the difficulties children had in perceiving their bodies correctly (AU)

Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic adrogenic steroids in a Spanish sample. / Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española.

Due to a distortion in the body image, the people who suffer from muscle dysmorphia have the self-perception of being less muscular than they currently are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of AAS. The purpose of the present study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters were provided with different questionnaires in order to know, firstly, if they suffered from this disorder and, secondly, the percentage of the participants affected who use these substances. Decision trees and regression was applied to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = 0.78 and R2 = 0.62). The results show that almost 50% of the participants, male and female, affected by this disorder use this kind of drugs.

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA.

Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española / Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in a Spanish sample

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA

People who suffer from muscle dysmorphia due to a distorted body image perceive themselves as less muscular than they actually are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The purpose of this study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. The study sample was comprised of 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters who were applied anthropometric measurements, Fat-Free Mass Index equation, Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, and Somatomorphic Matrix software. The results show the creation of decision trees and a regression model was used to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = .78 and R2 = .62). The main conclusion is that almost 50% of both male and female participants affected by this disorder use this kind of AAS

Modelling and mapping tick dynamics using volunteered observations.

BACKGROUND: Tick populations and tick-borne infections have steadily increased since the mid-1990s posing an ever-increasing risk to public health. Yet, modelling tick dynamics remains challenging because of the lack of data and knowledge on this complex phenomenon. Here we present an approach to model and map tick dynamics using volunteered data. This approach is illustrated with 9 years of data collected by a group of trained volunteers who sampled active questing ticks (AQT) on a monthly basis and for 15 locations in the Netherlands. We aimed at finding the main environmental drivers of AQT at multiple time-scales, and to devise daily AQT maps at the national level for 2014. METHOD: Tick dynamics is a complex ecological problem driven by biotic (e.g. pathogens, wildlife, humans) and abiotic (e.g. weather, landscape) factors. We enriched the volunteered AQT collection with six types of weather variables (aggregated at 11 temporal scales), three types of satellite-derived vegetation indices, land cover, and mast years. Then, we applied a feature engineering process to derive a set of 101 features to characterize the conditions that yielded a particular count of AQT on a date and location. To devise models predicting the AQT, we use a time-aware Random Forest regression method, which is suitable to find non-linear relationships in complex ecological problems, and provides an estimation of the most important features to predict the AQT. RESULTS: We trained a model capable of fitting AQT with reduced statistical metrics. The multi-temporal study on the feature importance indicates that variables linked to water levels in the atmosphere (i.e. evapotranspiration, relative humidity) consistently showed a higher explanatory power than previous works using temperature. As a product of this study, we are able of mapping daily tick dynamics at the national level. CONCLUSIONS: This study paves the way towards the design of new applications in the fields of environmental research, nature management, and public health. It also illustrates how Citizen Science initiatives produce geospatial data collections that can support scientific analysis, thus enabling the monitoring of complex environmental phenomena.

End of Life in High-Security Prisons in Switzerland.

Similar to other institutions, the Swiss prison system faces a growing number of elderly prisoners, trends toward securitization, and, in consequence, more prisoners who will spend the end-of-life (EOL) period of time in prison. By law, prisoners should have the same access to care as the rest of the population. However, custody makes meeting the demands of medical and palliative care difficult. This article focuses on the organizational challenges related to EOL care. Based on ethnographic and documentary research, it examines the institutional logic of the prison and the competing "new" logic emerging with EOL care. It illustrates the ambivalences within these logics and the blurred distinction between "care" and "custody" and evaluates how prison staff interpret this overlap and the effects in shaping everyday practices.

Detection of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms in male weightlifters / Detección de síntomas de dismorfia muscular en halterófilos masculinos

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body dismorphic disorder in which the sufferer is dissatisfied with their body size and shape. MD has yet to be studied in weightlifters, and the objective of this research study is to detect its symptoms in 32 male weightlifters as well as any related characteristics and behaviours. This study involved the distribution of a sociodemographic questionnaire in addition to the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, with the anthropometric measurements of the participants also being recorded. The results revealed the existence of body dissatisfaction among athletes and, in some cases, muscle perception that does not equate to reality. The athletes also use substances to build their muscles and enhance their performance, display obsessive muscle checking behaviours, and have low general physical self-concept that stems from their muscle (dis)satisfaction. To conclude, this study confirms the existence of MD in this sport

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un desorden dismórfico corporal en el que la persona que lo padece está insatisfecho con su tamaño corporal, y/o forma. La DM no ha sido estudiada en halterófilos, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar síntomas en 32 halterófilos varones, así como características y comportamientos asociados. Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico además de una Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, un Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorpic Matrix, así como el registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de insatisfacción muscular entre los deportistas además del uso de sustancias con el objetivo de hacer crecer su musculatura y mejorar su rendimiento, comportamientos obsesivos con el fin de comprobar su musculatura, y bajas puntuaciones en autoconcepto físico como consecuencia de la insatisfacción muscular que sufrían. Se puede concluir que esta investigación confirma la existencia de DM en esta modalidad deportiva

La Dismorfia Múscular en diferentes deportes: fútbol, gimnasia, halterofilia, natación y triatlón / La dismorfia muscular em diferentes deportes: futebol, gimnasia, halterofilia, natação e triatlón / Muscular dysmorphia in different sports: soccer, gymnastics, weightlifting, swimming and triathlon

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM), es un trastorno dismórfico corporal cuyos afectados se muestran insatisfechos con su tamaño y/o forma corporal. Se ha estudiado en deportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009), no obstante se consideran insuficientes las investigaciones realizadas, por tanto el objetivo de este trabajo fue detectar síntomas de DM entre 485 deportistas (387 hombres y 98 mujeres). Las modalidades deportivas representadas fueron halterofilia (7.8 %), gimnasia artística (12.8 %), natación (10.9%), fútbol (44.1 %) y triatlón (24.3 %). Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorphic Matrix, además del registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de DM entre los deportistas, además de insatisfacción muscular y relaciones significativas entre los dominios del autoconcepto físico relacionados con ésta (autoconcepto físico general y atractivo físico (r = .73, p < .01), autoconcepto general y condición física (r = .72, p < .01)) (AU)

Muscular Dysmorphia (DM) is a body dysmorphic disorder whose sufferers are dissatisfied with their size and / or body shape. It has been studied in athletes of differents sports (Baghurst and Lirgg, 2009), but researchs is not enough. Therefore, the objective of this work was detected DM symptons among 485 athletes (387 men and 98 women). The sports represented were weightlifting (7.8%), artistic gymnastics (12.8%), swimming (10.9%), football (44.1%) and triathlon (24.3%). This study required the implementation of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular , the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Somatomorphic Matrix, in addition to collection the anthropometric measures of the participants. The results revealed the existence of DM symptoms among athletes, as well as muscular dissatisfaction and significant relationships between the domains of physical selfconcept related to this (general physical selfconcept and physical attractiveness (r = .73, p <.01), and general selfconcept with physical condition (r = 0.72, p <0.01)) (AU)

A Dismorfia Muscular (DM) é uma perturbação dismórfica corporal em que os sujeitos se mostram insatisfeitos com o seu tamanho e/ou forma corporal. Embora o número de investigações efetuadas seja escasso, a DM tem sido estudada em desportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é perceber quais os sintomas de DM que os desportistas apresentam. Para o efeito, foram analisados 485 desportistas (387 homens e 98 mulheres), das modalidades de halterofilia (7.8%), ginástica artística (12.8%), natação (10.9%), futebol (44.1%) e triatlo (24.3%). Para a recolha de dados foi utilizada uma bateria de testes composta por dados sociodemográficos, Escala de Satisfação Muscular, Questionário de Autoconceito Físico, e pelo Somatomorphic Matrix, juntamente com o registo das medidas antropométricas dos participantes. Os resultados revelaram a existência de sintomas de DM entre os desportistas, insatisfação muscular e correlações significativas entre os domínios do autoconceito físico relacionados com ela (autoconceito físico geral e atração física (r = .73, p < .01), autoconceito geral e condição física (r = .72, p < .01)) (AU)

Relación entre imagen corporal y autoconcepto físico en mujeres adolescentes / Relationship between body image and physical self-concept in adolescent females

El presente estudio examina las diferencias existentes entre los distintos subdominios del autoconcepto físico, en función de la insatisfacción corporal y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Participaron 447 mujeres adolescentes españolas entre 12 y 17 años de edad, a las que se aplicó el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF), el instrumento Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) y la Escala de Evaluación de la Imagen Corporal de Gardner, además de recopilarse datos antropométricos para calcular su IMC. Los resultados informan de que una mayor insatisfacción corporal y un IMC más alto se relacionan con peores percepciones físicas, especialmente en relación con el atractivo, y con un autoconcepto más devaluado. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia de una imagen corporal saludable en la configuración del autoconcepto físico y general de la mujer adolescente.

This study examines the differences between the different subdomains of physical self-concept, based on body dissatisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI). A sample of 447 spanish female adolescents aged 12 to 17 participated in this study, and were administered the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and Gardner's Scale for the Assessment of Body Image. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate their BMI. The results indicate that greater body dissatisfaction and higher BMI were associated with worse physical perceptions, especially in relation to appearance and a more devalued self-concept. In conclusion, the importance of a healthy body image is highlighted, as it configures the self - and general - concept in adolescent females. Further details are reported in the text.

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01) (AU)

No disponible

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms.

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01).

Contribución para el criterio diagnóstico de la Dismorfia Muscular (Vigorexia) / Contribution of the diagnostic criteria for muscle dysmorphia (Bigorexia)

La Dismorfia Muscular o Vigorexia, es un trastorno mental cuyo foco de preocupación es la subestimación del tamaño y forma muscular, como consecuencia de la distorsión en la imagen corporal que padecen las personas afectadas. Se trata de un trastorno novedoso y, por lo tanto, no se encuentra clasificado en los manuales de desórdenes y trastornos mentales existentes. Mientras unos autores proponen su clasificación bajo un Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA), otros defienden que se trata de un Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC), o incluso se ha llegado a justificar su posible clasificación como Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo (TOC). Ante la disparidad de criterio, en el presente estudio pretendemos contribuir en la clasificación de la Dismorfia Muscular, como desorden mental, mediante la técnica de clasificación árbol de decisión. Los elementos que cobran mayor relevancia dentro de este método clasificatorio son aquellos relacionados con el tamaño y forma corporal que los participantes tienen, se perciben y desean. A la luz de estos resultados contribuimos a clasificar la Dismorfia Muscular bajo el prisma de un TDC (AU)

Muscle Dysmorphia or Bigorexia is a mental disorder whose focus of concern is the underestimation of body size and shape as a result of the distortion in body image experienced by those affected. This is a new mental disorder and, therefore, is not yet classified in the manuals for mental disorders. While some authors propose its classification under an Eating Disorder (ED), others argue that it is a Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), or have even been able to justify its classification as an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Due to the disparity of opinions, this study aims to contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia, as a mental disorder, by the decision tree classification technique of data mining. The items that take on increasing importance within this classification method are the ones related to body size and shape that participants have, perceive and desire. The results inform us that the most important variables are related to a BDD. This is the reason why we contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia through the diagnostic criteria of BDD (AU)

Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: escala de satisfacción muscular.

The psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the muscle appearance satisfaction scale (MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer, & Drab, 2002) were examined using a sample of five hundred and sixty-one male weightlifters. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the 19-item Spanish version of the MASS called the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular (ESM), was represented by five subscales similar to the original MASS. Internal consistency of the measure was good (α = .86-.95), and various measures of construct validity indicated that the ESM may be a useful measure of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms among Spanish speaking populations.