RESUMO
The inner ear develops from a patch of thickened cranial ectoderm adjacent to the hindbrain called the otic placode. Studies in a number of vertebrate species suggest that the initial steps in induction of the otic placode are regulated by members of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family, and that inhibition of FGF signaling can prevent otic placode formation. To better understand the genetic pathways activated by FGF signaling during otic placode induction, we performed microarray experiments to estimate the proportion of chicken otic placode genes that can be up-regulated by the FGF pathway in a simple culture model of otic placode induction. Surprisingly, we find that FGF is only sufficient to induce about 15% of chick otic placode-specific genes in our experimental system. However, pharmacological blockade of the FGF pathway in cultured chick embryos showed that although FGF signaling was not sufficient to induce the majority of otic placode-specific genes, it was still necessary for their expression in vivo. These inhibitor experiments further suggest that the early steps in otic placode induction regulated by FGF signaling occur through the MAP kinase pathway. Although our work suggests that FGF signaling is necessary for otic placode induction, it demonstrates that other unidentified signaling pathways are required to co-operate with FGF signaling to induce the full otic placode program.
Assuntos
Orelha Interna/embriologia , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Organogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas , Orelha Interna/citologiaRESUMO
The entire inner ear, together with the neurons that innervate it, derive from a simple piece of ectoderm on the side of the embryonic head the otic placode. In this review, we describe the current state of the field of otic placode induction. Several lines of evidence suggest that all craniofacial sensory organs, including the inner ear, derive from a common "pre-placodal region" early in development. We review data showing that assumption of a pre-placodal cell state correlates with the competence of embryonic ectoderm to respond to otic placode inducing signals, such as members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. We also review evidence for FGF-independent signals that contribute to the induction of the otic placode. Finally, we review recent evidence suggesting that Wnt signals may act after FGF signaling to mediate a cell fate decision between otic placode and epidermis.
Assuntos
Orelha/embriologia , Indução Embrionária , Audição/fisiologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Embrião de Galinha , Ectoderma/fisiologia , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Wnt/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Wnt/genética , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismoRESUMO
Vertebrate craniofacial sensory organs derive from ectodermal placodes early in development. It has been suggested that all craniofacial placodes arise from a common ectodermal domain adjacent to the anterior neural plate, and a number of genes have been recently identified that mark such a 'pre-placodal' domain. However, the functional significance of this pre-placodal domain is still unclear. In the present study, we show that Fgf signaling is necessary and sufficient to directly induce some, but not all, markers of the otic placode in ectoderm taken from the pre-placodal domain. By contrast, ectoderm from outside this domain is not competent to express otic markers in response to Fgfs. Grafting naïve ectoderm into the pre-placodal domain causes upregulation of pre-placodal markers within 8 hours, together with the acquisition of competence to respond to Fgf signaling. This suggests a two-step model of craniofacial placode induction in which ectoderm first acquires pre-placodal region identity, and subsequently differentiates into particular craniofacial placodes under the influence of local inducing signals.
Assuntos
Orelha Interna/embriologia , Ectoderma/citologia , Fator 2 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Crânio/embriologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Galinhas , Orelha Interna/metabolismo , Ectoderma/efeitos dos fármacos , Ectoderma/metabolismo , Fator 2 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Modelos Biológicos , Pirróis/farmacologia , Codorniz , Transdução de Sinais , Crânio/citologia , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key enzyme mediating the cellular response to DNA strand breaks. It plays a critical role in genomic stability and survival of proliferating cells in culture undergoing DNA damage. Intestinal epithelium is the most proliferative tissue in the mammalian body and its stem cells show extreme sensitivity to low-level genotoxic stress. We investigated the role of PARP-1 in the in vivo damage response of intestinal stem cells in crypts of PARP-1-/- and control mice following whole-body gamma-irradiation (1 Gy). In the PARP-1-/- mice there was a significant delay during the first 6 h in the transient p53 accumulation in stem cells whereas an increased number of cells were positive for p21(CIP1/WAF1). Either no or only marginal differences were noted in MDM2 expression, apoptosis, induction of or recovery from mitotic blockage, or inhibition of DNA synthesis. We further observed a dose-dependent reduction in crypt survival measured at 4 days post-irradiation in control mice, and this crypt-killing effect was significantly potentiated in PARP-1-/- mice. Our results thus establish that PARP-1 acts as a survival factor for intestinal stem cells in vivo and suggest a functional link with early p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1) responses.
