Delayed hypersensitivity reaction after hyaluronic acid filler (VCY-20).

Hyaluronic acid (HA) filler, a transient injectable used for rejuvenating facial treatments, has become increasingly popular over time since it doesn't require surgery. Although these procedures are generally safe, there are some application-related complications. These issues fall into three categories: reactions with early, delayed, or late onset. This case report features a 55-year-old female patient who developed widespread facial edema as a result of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction that happened after HA filler was applied.

Suction feeding turned on its head: a functional novelty facilitates lower jaw protrusion.

Functional novelties play important roles in creating new ways for organisms to access resources. In fishes, jaw protrusion has been attributed to the massive diversity of suction-based feeding systems, facilitating the dominant mode of prey capture in this group. Nearly all fishes that feed by suction use upper jaw protrusion, achieved by rotation of the mandible at its base, which then transmits forward motion to independently mobile upper jaw bones. In this study, by contrast, we explore an unusual form of lower jaw protrusion in the freshwater invertivore, Nannocharax fasciatus, enabled by a novel intramandibular joint (IMJ). We combine morphological, kinematic, and biomechanical data to show that the added mobility created by the IMJ influences the pattern of suction-based prey capture movements and contributes to lower jaw protrusion (increasing it by 25%, based on biomechanical modeling). Interestingly, the upper jaw bones are fused in N. fasciatus and rotate about a single fixed joint, like the lower jaws of most other suction feeding fishes. We suggest that this vertical inversion of the jaw protrusion mechanism for ventrally directed suction-feeding on benthic prey is a likely exaptation, as the IMJ is used for biting in related taxa. This work highlights the ability of novelties to facilitate ecological specialization by enabling new functional capabilities.

Multicenter Study on the Frequency of Low Bone Mineral Density in Young Women With Breast Cancer and Associated Factors.

INTRODUCTION: Young women with breast cancer (BC) may experience bone mineral density (BMD) loss secondary to cancer treatment effects on estrogen levels. Studies assessing BMD in BC patients have had a limited representation of young women. This multicenter retrospective study analyzed the frequency of low BMD and associated factors in this age group. METHODS: Women diagnosed with stage 0-III BC at ≤40 years, treated with chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy between 2010 and 2020 at 5 Mexican BC referral centers were eligible. Demographic, clinical and treatment data were collected, as well as bone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) results. Low BMD was defined as lumbar or femoral neck T-score < -1.0 or Z-score ≤ -2.0. RESULTS: A total of 1259 patients were included; median age at diagnosis was 36 years (21-40). Overall, 93% received chemotherapy and 65% endocrine therapy (tamoxifen was received at some point by 61%, aromatase inhibitors by 17%, and GnRH agonists/bilateral oophorectomy by 21%). DEXA scans were documented in 254 (20%), of which 163 (64%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 58%-70%) had a low BMD report. Low BMD was associated with receiving aromatase inhibitors (Odds ratio [OR] 1.92; 95% CI 1.13-3.24), and GnRH agonists/bilateral oophorectomy (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.21-4.21). CONCLUSION: The suboptimal frequency of BMD monitoring observed displays an alarming disregard for bone health in young patients. Thus, a high proportion of women with low BMD are potentially being missed and precluded from the opportunity to receive timely interventions. Particular focus should be put on BMD monitoring among patients treated with aromatase inhibitors, GnRH agonists or bilateral oophorectomy.

Evaluation of CRU-JRA gridded meteorological dataset for modeling of wheat production systems in Iran.

Meteorological variables are essential inputs for agricultural simulation models and the lack of measured data is a big challenge for the application of these models in many agricultural zones. Studies indicated that gridded meteorological datasets can be proper replacements for measured data. This paper aimed to examine a new gridded meteorological dataset namely CRU-JRA for crop modeling intents. The CRU-JRA is a 6-hourly dataset with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° that was primarily constructed for modeling purposes. The CERES-Wheat model in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) was used for the simulation of irrigated and rainfed wheat production systems in Iran. Results showed that the CRU-JRA maximum and minimum temperature values had a relatively fine accuracy with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 14% for the simulated grain yield. The performance of the CRU-JRA solar radiation values for the simulation of grain yield was similar with a NRMSE of 14.4%. The weakest performance was found for the CRU-JRA precipitation values with a NRMSE of 18.9%. Overall, the CRU-JRA dataset performed comparatively acceptable and similar to existing gridded meteorological datasets for crop modeling purposes in the study area, however further calibrations can improve the accuracy of the next versions of this dataset. More research is necessary for the investigation of the CRU-JRA dataset for agricultural modeling purposes across diverse climates.

Medical History and Preoperative Coagulation Profile as Predictors of Outcomes in Elective Spinal Surgery: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In patients with unremarkable medical history, comprehensive preoperative hemostasis screening in elective neurosurgery remains debated. Comprehensive medical history has shown to be noninferior to coagulation profile to evaluate surgical outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the predictiveness of preoperative coagulation screening and medical history for surgical outcomes. METHODS: Databases were searched until April 2023 for observational cohort studies that reported preoperative hemostasis screening and clinical history prior to elective neurosurgical procedures. Outcomes of interest included postoperative transfusion, mortality, and complications. Pooled relative risk ratios (RRs) were analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS: Out of 604 studies, 3 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria, adding a patient population of 83,076. Prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT; RR=1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.14, 1.77, P=0.002), elevated international normalized ratio (INR; RR=2.01, 95% CI=1.14, 3.55, P=0.02), low platelet count (RR=1.58, 95% CI=1.34, 1.86, P<0.00001), and positive bleeding history (RR=2.14, 95% CI=1.16, 3.93, P=0.01) were associated with postoperative transfusion risk. High PTT (RR=2.42, 95% CI=1.24, 4.73, P=0.010), High INR (RR=8.15, 95% CI=5.97, 11.13; P<0.00001), low platelet count (RR=4.89, 95% CI=3.73, 6.41, P<0.00001), and bleeding history (RR=7.59, 95% CI=5.84, 9.86, P<0.00001) were predictive of mortality. Prolonged PTT (RR=1.53, 95% CI=1.25, 1.86, P=<0.0001), a high INR (RR=3.41, 95% CI=2.63, 4.42, P=< 0.00001), low platelets (RR=1.63, 95% CI=1.40, 1.90, P=<0.00001), and medical history (RR=2.15, 95% CI=1.71, 2.71, P=<0.00001) were predictive of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Medical history was a noninferior predictor to coagulation profile for postoperative transfusion, mortality, and complications. However, our findings are mostly representative of elective spinal procedures. Cost-effective alternatives should be explored to promote affordable patient care in patients with unremarkable history.

Choice impulsivity after repeated social stress is associated with increased perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex.

Repeated stress can predispose to substance abuse. However, behavioral and neurobiological adaptations that link stress to substance abuse remain unclear. This study investigates whether intermittent social defeat (ISD), a stress protocol that promotes drug-seeking behavior, alters intertemporal decision-making and cortical inhibitory function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Male long evans rats were trained in a delay discounting task (DDT) where rats make a choice between a fast (1 s) small reward (1 sugar pellet) and a large reward (3 sugar pellets) that comes with a time delay (10 s or 20 s). A decreased preference for delayed rewards was used as an index of choice impulsivity. Rats were exposed to ISD and tested in the DDT 24 h after each stress episode, and one- and two-weeks after the last stress episode. Immunohistochemistry was performed in rat's brains to evaluate perineuronal nets (PNNs) and parvalbumin GABA interneurons (PV) labeling as markers of inhibitory function in mPFC. ISD significantly decreased the preference for delayed large rewards in low impulsive, but not high impulsive, animals. ISD also increased the density of PNNs in the mPFC. These results suggest that increased choice impulsivity and cortical inhibition predispose animals to seek out rewards after stress.

Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome: Clinical and trichoscopic findings.

Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome (CHHS) is a rare genodermatosis resulting from mutations in the EBP (emopamil binding protein) gene. Dermatologic manifestations may include cicatricial alopecia, ichthyosis, follicular atrophoderma, pigmentary abnormalities, and nail dystrophy. In addition to genetic testing and clinical findings, trichoscopic findings may aid in the diagnosis. In this case report, we discuss the trichoscopic findings in a 3-year-old girl with CHHS and how these findings help us understand the pathophysiology of this disease.

Alternating regimes of shallow and deep-sea diversification explain a species-richness paradox in marine fishes.

The deep sea contains a surprising diversity of life, including iconic fish groups such as anglerfishes and lanternfishes. Still, >65% of marine teleost fish species are restricted to the photic zone <200 m, which comprises less than 10% of the ocean's total volume. From a macroevolutionary perspective, this paradox may be explained by three hypotheses: 1) shallow water lineages have had more time to diversify than deep-sea lineages, 2) shallow water lineages have faster rates of speciation than deep-sea lineages, or 3) shallow-to-deep sea transition rates limit deep-sea richness. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to test among these three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses. While we found support for all hypotheses, the disparity in species richness is better described as the uneven outcome of alternating phases that favored shallow or deep diversification over the past 200 million y. Shallow marine teleosts became incredibly diverse 100 million y ago during a period of warm temperatures and high sea level, suggesting the importance of reefs and epicontinental settings. Conversely, deep-sea colonization and speciation was favored during brief episodes when cooling temperatures increased the efficiency of the ocean's carbon pump. Finally, time-variable ecological filters limited shallow-to-deep colonization for much of teleost history, which helped maintain higher shallow richness. A pelagic lifestyle and large jaws were associated with early deep-sea colonists, while a demersal lifestyle and a tapered body plan were typical of later colonists. Therefore, we also suggest that some hallmark characteristics of deep-sea fishes evolved prior to colonizing the deep sea.

The rise of biting during the Cenozoic fueled reef fish body shape diversification.

Diversity of feeding mechanisms is a hallmark of reef fishes, but the history of this variation is not fully understood. Here, we explore the emergence and proliferation of a biting mode of feeding, which enables fishes to feed on attached benthic prey. We find that feeding modes other than suction, including biting, ram biting, and an intermediate group that uses both biting and suction, were nearly absent among the lineages of teleost fishes inhabiting reefs prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, but benthic biting has rapidly increased in frequency since then, accounting for about 40% of reef species today. Further, we measured the impact of feeding mode on body shape diversification in reef fishes. We fit a model of multivariate character evolution to a dataset comprising three-dimensional body shape of 1,530 species of teleost reef fishes across 111 families. Dedicated biters have accumulated over half of the body shape variation that suction feeders have in just 18% of the evolutionary time by evolving body shape ∼1.7 times faster than suction feeders. As a possible response to the ecological and functional diversity of attached prey, biters have dynamically evolved both into shapes that resemble suction feeders as well as novel body forms characterized by lateral compression and small jaws. The ascendance of species that use biting mechanisms to feed on attached prey reshaped modern reef fish assemblages and has been a major contributor to their ecological and phenotypic diversification.

Improving Immunization Rates During the 2019 Measles Outbreak.

In 2019, there were multiple outbreaks of measles in the United States. In the context of the public awareness of these outbreaks, we performed an intervention with the intent to improve the rate of measles immunization in our pediatric population. Pediatric patients that were lacking adequate measles immunization were identified by electronic medical record (EMR) survey. Charts were reviewed and updated if records were found to be incomplete. Parents of the remaining children were sent a letter, personally signed by the child's primary care provider, encouraging measles immunization. A measles fact sheet, produced by the United States Center for Disease Control, was also included with the letter. There were 44 patients in the study group whose parents received a letter and measles fact sheet. As a result, 5 of these children were brought in for a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization. The 44 patients whose parents received a letter included 20 patients whose parents had previously expressed intent to not vaccinate their children as documented in the EMR. None of these children received an MMR immunization. Although small in scope, this project provides a glimpse into the importance of personal provider guidance to parents who are inclined to immunize their children. Unfortunately, it also demonstrated that provider advice did not change the opinions of parents who had already taken a stance against vaccination, even in the context of an urgent public health situation that had garnered widespread coverage in the lay press and social media.

A novel intramandibular joint facilitates feeding versatility in the sixbar distichodus.

The intramandibular joint (IMJ) is a secondary point of movement between the two major bones of the lower jaw. It has independently evolved in several groups of teleost fishes, each time representing a departure from related species in which the mandible functions as a single structure rotating only at the quadratomandibular joint (QMJ). In this study, we examine kinematic consequences of the IMJ novelty in a freshwater characiform fish, the herbivorous Distichodus sexfasciatus. We combine traditional kinematic approaches with trajectory-based analysis of motion shapes to compare patterns of prey capture movements during substrate biting, the fish's native feeding mode, and suction of prey from the water column. We find that the IMJ enables complex jaw motions and contributes to feeding versatility by allowing the fish to modulate its kinematics in response to different prey and to various scenarios of jaw-substrate interaction. Implications of the IMJ include context-dependent movements of lower versus upper jaws, enhanced lower jaw protrusion, and the ability to maintain contact between the teeth and substrate throughout the jaw closing or biting phase of the motion. The IMJ in D. sexfasciatus appears to be an adaptation for removing attached benthic prey, consistent with its function in other groups that have evolved the joint. This study builds on our understanding of the role of the IMJ during prey capture and provides insights into broader implications of the innovative trait.

[Sevestre-Jacquet posterosive syphilitic dermatitis associated with the use of reusable diapers: A clinical case]. / Dermatitis sifiloide posterosiva de Sevestre-Jacquet asociada al uso de pañales reutilizables: caso clínico.

BACKGROUND: Diaper dermatitis is a skin problem that has decreased with the development of new technologies in disposable diapers that prevent excessive moisture in the perianal region. The following clinical case shows the relationship between the use of cloth reusable diapers and the appearance of Jacquet erosive diaper dermatitis, a serious and rare complication of diaper dermatitis. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 1-year-11-month-old patient, taken to the Dermatology department due to the presence of a lesion in the gluteal region. The mother reported the onset of the condition four months ago after the presence of semi-liquid stools. Localized dermatosis is observed on both lower limbs, affecting the genital region in the labia majora and the perianal region at the level of the intergluteal folds bilaterally and symmetrically. In the histopathological study, a posterosive Sevestre-Jacquet syphilid was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Sevestre-Jacquet's posterosive syphilitic dermatitis is a rare dermatological condition and its risk of occurrence is greater due to the use of ecological cloth diapers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la dermatitis de pañal es un problema cutáneo que ha disminuido con el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías en los pañales desechables, los cuales impiden la humedad excesiva en la región perianal. En el siguiente caso clínico se muestra la relación entre el uso de pañales de tela y la aparición de dermatitis sifiloide posterosiva de Sevestre-Jaquet, una complicación grave y poco frecuente de la dermatitis de pañal. CASO CLÍNICO: presentamos el caso de una paciente de 1 año y 11 meses de edad, llevada a la consulta externa de Dermatología por la presencia de una lesión en la región glútea. La madre refirió inicio del padecimiento cuatro meses atrás y posterior a la presencia de evacuaciones semilíquidas. Se observa dermatosis localizada en ambos miembros inferiores, que afecta la región genital en labios mayores y región perianal a nivel de pliegues interglúteos de forma bilateral y simétrica. En el estudio histopatológico se emite el reporte diagnóstico de sifiloide posterosivo de Sevestre-Jacquet. CONCLUSIÓN: la dermatitis sifiloide posterosiva de Sevestre-Jacquet es una condición dermatológica poco frecuente y su riesgo de ocurrencia es mayor debido al uso de pañales ecológicos de tela.

The deep sea is a hot spot of fish body shape evolution.

Deep-sea fishes have long captured our imagination with striking adaptations to life in the mysterious abyss, raising the possibility that this cold, dark ocean region may be a key hub for physiological and functional diversification. We explore this idea through an analysis of body shape evolution across ocean depth zones in over 3000 species of marine teleost fishes. We find that the deep ocean contains twice the body shape disparity of shallow waters, driven by elevated rates of evolution in traits associated with locomotion. Deep-sea fishes display more frequent adoption of forms suited to slow and periodic swimming, whereas shallow living species are concentrated around shapes conferring strong, sustained swimming capacity and manoeuvrability. Our results support long-standing impressions of the deep sea as an evolutionary hotspot for fish body shape evolution and highlight that factors like habitat complexity and ecological interactions are potential drivers of this adaptive diversification.

A Multifunction Trade-Off has Contrasting Effects on the Evolution of Form and Function.

Trade-offs caused by the use of an anatomical apparatus for more than one function are thought to be an important constraint on evolution. However, whether multifunctionality suppresses diversification of biomechanical systems is challenged by recent literature showing that traits more closely tied to trade-offs evolve more rapidly. We contrast the evolutionary dynamics of feeding mechanics and morphology between fishes that exclusively capture prey with suction and multifunctional species that augment this mechanism with biting behaviors to remove attached benthic prey. Diversification of feeding kinematic traits was, on average, over 13.5 times faster in suction feeders, consistent with constraint on biters due to mechanical trade-offs between biting and suction performance. Surprisingly, we found that the evolution of morphology contrasts directly with these differences in kinematic evolution, with significantly faster rates of evolution of head shape in biters. This system provides clear support for an often postulated, but rarely confirmed prediction that multifunctionality stifles functional diversification, while also illustrating the sometimes weak relationship between form and function. [Form-function evolution; geometric morphometrics; kinematic evolution; macroevolution; Ornstein-Uhlenbeck; RevBayes; suction feeding].

Decoupled jaws promote trophic diversity in cichlid fishes.

Functional decoupling of oral and pharyngeal jaws is widely considered to have expanded the ecological repertoire of cichlid fishes. But, the degree to which the evolution of these jaw systems is decoupled and whether decoupling has impacted trophic diversification remains unknown. Focusing on the large Neotropical radiation of cichlids, we ask whether oral and pharyngeal jaw evolution is correlated and how their evolutionary rates respond to feeding ecology. In support of decoupling, we find relaxed evolutionary integration between the two jaw systems, resulting in novel trait combinations that potentially facilitate feeding mode diversification. These outcomes are made possible by escaping the mechanical trade-off between force transmission and mobility, which characterizes a single jaw system that functions in isolation. In spite of the structural independence of the two jaw systems, results using a Bayesian, state-dependent, relaxed-clock model of multivariate Brownian motion indicate strongly aligned evolutionary responses to feeding ecology. So, although decoupling of prey capture and processing functions released constraints on jaw evolution and promoted trophic diversity in cichlids, the natural diversity of consumed prey has also induced a moderate degree of evolutionary integration between the jaw systems, reminiscent of the original mechanical trade-off between force and mobility.

The influence of size on body shape diversification across Indo-Pacific shore fishes.

Understanding the causes of body shape variability across the tree of life is one of the central issues surrounding the origins of biodiversity. One potential mechanism driving observed patterns of shape disparity is a strongly conserved relationship between size and shape. Conserved allometry has been shown to account for as much as 80% of shape variation in some vertebrate groups. Here, we quantify the amount of body shape disparity attributable to changes in body size across nearly 800 species of Indo-Pacific shore fishes using a phylogenetic framework to analyze 17 geometric landmarks positioned to capture general body shape and functionally significant features. In marked contrast to other vertebrate lineages, we find that changes in body size only explain 2.9% of the body shape variation across fishes, ranging from 3% to 50% within our 11 sampled families. We also find a slight but significant trend of decreasing rates of shape evolution with increasing size. Our results suggest that the influence of size on fish shape has largely been overwhelmed by lineage-specific patterns of diversification that have produced the modern landscape of highly diverse forms that we currently observe in nature.

Large-Scale Production of 119mTe and 119Sb for Radiopharmaceutical Applications.

Radionuclides find widespread use in medical technologies for treating and diagnosing disease. Among successful and emerging radiotherapeutics, 119Sb has unique potential in targeted therapeutic applications for low-energy electron-emitting isotopes. Unfortunately, developing 119Sb-based drugs has been slow in comparison to other radionuclides, primarily due to limited accessibility. Herein is a production method that overcomes this challenge and expands the available time for large-scale distribution and use. Our approach exploits high flux and fluence from high-energy proton sources to produce longer lived 119mTe. This parent isotope slowly decays to 119Sb, which in turn provides access to 119Sb for longer time periods (in comparison to direct 119Sb production routes). We contribute the target design, irradiation conditions, and a rapid procedure for isolating the 119mTe/119Sb pair. To guide process development and to understand why the procedure was successful, we characterized the Te/Sb separation using Te and Sb K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The procedure provides low-volume aqueous solutions that have high 119mTe-and consequently 119Sb-specific activity in a chemically pure form. This procedure has been demonstrated at large-scale (production-sized, Ci quantities), and the product has potential to meet stringent Food and Drug Administration requirements for a 119mTe/119Sb active pharmaceutical ingredient.

DNA barcoding uncovers extensive cryptic diversity in the African long-fin tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis (Alestidae: Characiformes).

To investigate the presence of cryptic diversity in the African longfin-tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis, we employed DNA barcoding in a phylogeographic context, as well as geometric morphometrics, documenting for the first time genetic and body shape variation in the species. Analysis of cytochrome oxidase I gene (coI) sequence variation exposed extremely high levels of genetic differentiation among samples from across the geographic range of the species (up to 18%), certainly much greater than the traditionally employed c. 3% sequence divergence heuristic threshold for conspecifics. Phylogeographic analyses of coI data revealed eight clusters/clades that diverge by >4% and up to 18% (p-distance), potentially representing cryptic members of a species complex. A clear biogeographic pattern was also uncovered, in which the two main coI lineages corresponded geographically with the upper Guinea (UG) and lower Guinea (LG) ichthyofaunal provinces of continental Africa, respectively. Within each of these main lineages, however, no apparent phylogeographic structuring was found. Despite strong genetic differentiation, there is considerable overlap in body shape variation between UG and LG populations. For the most part, morphological variation does not match the strength of the molecular phylogeographic signal. Therefore, the ability to reliably utilise external body shape for regional delimitation remains elusive. Further anatomical investigation appears necessary to establish whether compelling diagnostic morphological features do exist between the divergent lineages of the B. longipinnis complex uncovered in this study.

Analyzing trends of days with low atmospheric visibility in Iran during 1968-2013.

Atmospheric visibility (AV) is an indicator for assessing air quality and is measured in standard weather stations. The AV can change as a result of two main factors: air pollution and atmospheric humidity. This study aimed to investigate trends in the number of days with AV equal or less than 2 km (DAV2) in Iran during 1968-2013. Consequently, 43 weather stations with different climates were evaluated across the country, using the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test. The results show that the number of stations with positive (i.e., significant or non-significant) MK z values was equal to, or greater than, those with negative MK z values, in all months and seasons of the year, as well as annually. Furthermore, summer and autumn had, respectively, the least and most stations with positive MK z values. Fewer trends in DAV2 were detected in the central, east, and northeast regions of the country. Analyzing the DAV2 and relative humidity together indicated that over 30% of stations had at-risk air quality in January, and that the largest number of stations with at-risk air quality was in the autumn and winter. These results are useful for better environmental planning to improve air quality, especially in developing countries such as Iran, where reduced air quality has been a major problem in recent decades.

Effect of ACTN3 Polymorphism on Self-reported Running Times.

Kreutzer, A, Martinez, CA, Kreutzer, M, Stone, JD, Mitchell, JB, and Oliver, JM. Effect of ACTN3 polymorphism on self-reported running times. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 80-88, 2019-This investigation examined the effect of ACTN3 genotype on self-reported distance running personal records (PRs). Of 94 (n = 94) recreationally active men and women, 82 (f = 42, m = 40; age: 22.6 ± 4.5 years; body mass index [BMI]: 23.5 ± 3.4 kg·m) reported 1-mile running PRs, whereas 57 (f = 33, m = 24; age: 23.4 ± 5.3 years; BMI: 22.9 ± 9.3 kg·m) reported 5K running PRs. Subjects were grouped by the presence (ACTN3) or absence (ACTN3) of α-actinin-3, as well as by individual genotype (RR, RX, and XX). Among female participants, ACTN3 reported 64.5 seconds faster (p = 0.048) 1-mile PRs compared with their ACTN3 counterparts. No differences were observed when comparing 5K PRs between genotypes. Two one-sided test equivalence testing revealed that none of the effects observed when comparing ACTN3 and ACTN3 were equivalent to zero. Our study confirms a reportedly greater prevalence of XX benefits for endurance performance in females when compared with males but fails to strongly link ACTN3 genotype to endurance performance. Practitioners should continue to be cautious when using genetic information for talent identification and sport selection.