Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Anatomic bases for brachial plexus block of capuching (Sapajus libidinosus) / Bases anatômicas para o bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus)

Background: In captivity, capuchin monkeys compete for space and rank. Fights can result in traumas, especially to the limbs, requiring interventions that are often outpatient. Local anesthesia as a tool in these procedures, as an aid to chemical restraint, is very relevant for small outpatient surgeries, or even for pain relief. Knowledge of peripheral nerve anatomy is essential to perform local anesthesia. Thus the objective of the present study was to determine, by anatomical studies of the brachial plexus region, the best access pathways for anesthetic blocking of the nerve. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven adult capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) were used, weighing 2-3 kg, fixed and preserved in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10%. In five of these animals the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillar regions were dissected to visualize the muscles, clavicle and bracchial plexus nerves. An analogical pachymeter was used to measure the depth of the plexus in relation to the cranial and caudal clavicle face and axillary fossa, comparing the length of two hypodermic needles (13x4.5 mm and 15x5 mm). Simulation of the anesthetic block was tested in two animals: before dissecting an acrylic varnish solution was injected using a syringe and 13x4.5 mm needle in the supraclavicular, infraclavicular regions and axillary fossa. To assess the positioning points of the [...]

Anatomic bases for brachial plexus block of capuching (Sapajus libidinosus) / Bases anatômicas para o bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus)

Background: In captivity, capuchin monkeys compete for space and rank. Fights can result in traumas, especially to the limbs, requiring interventions that are often outpatient. Local anesthesia as a tool in these procedures, as an aid to chemical restraint, is very relevant for small outpatient surgeries, or even for pain relief. Knowledge of peripheral nerve anatomy is essential to perform local anesthesia. Thus the objective of the present study was to determine, by anatomical studies of the brachial plexus region, the best access pathways for anesthetic blocking of the nerve. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven adult capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) were used, weighing 2-3 kg, fixed and preserved in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10%. In five of these animals the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillar regions were dissected to visualize the muscles, clavicle and bracchial plexus nerves. An analogical pachymeter was used to measure the depth of the plexus in relation to the cranial and caudal clavicle face and axillary fossa, comparing the length of two hypodermic needles (13x4.5 mm and 15x5 mm). Simulation of the anesthetic block was tested in two animals: before dissecting an acrylic varnish solution was injected using a syringe and 13x4.5 mm needle in the supraclavicular, infraclavicular regions and axillary fossa. To assess the positioning points of the [...](AU)

Axis fracture repair with locking plate in dog

Background: Cervical fractures in dogs occur most commonly in the cranial region, mostly requiring surgery. Various types of implants are being used while fixation using plate is poorly described in the literature. The plate and screw types are a limiting factor since they can lead to loss of stability due to loosening of the screws. The use of locking plates has been advocated, which does not allow movement between the screw-plate-bone, providing extreme stability and rigidity to the system. This study describes the use of locking bone plate to stabilize axis fracture in a dog and the results obtained with this technique. Case: A 9-month-old male Poodle presented due to a history of trauma to the cervical spine caused by a fall of an object. Upon physical examination, the patient was alert and physiological parameters within the normal reference limits. However, neurological examination showed tetraplegia, hyperreflexia, preserved nociception and much cervical pain. There were no changes in the cranial nerves test. Cranial cervical lesion was initially suspected and the patient was rigidly fixed on a flat surface. The radiographic examination showed a fracture of the second cervical vertebra (axis) with anatomical axis deviation, and the patient was referred for surgery. After anesthesia, the dog was positioned dorsal decubitus and rigidly fixed on the operating table with the thoracic limbs pulled caudally. The surgical approach of the cranial cervical spine started through the ventral access until complete visualization of the fracture line and the caudal portion of the axis body. After perfect apposition and alignment of the bone fragments, rigid stabilization was performed using locking plate and screws. The patient had a favorable neurological recovery, and five days after the surgery, no change was observed in locomotion and postural reactions, besides the absence of neck pain. Discussion: The implant used in this study was small and displayed a good fit along the body axis. The locked system allowed the bolt head to lock in the hole of the plate, forming a bone-screw-plate unit that prevents its failure. In our case, the tip of the caudal screws protruded approximately two millimeters within the spinal canal, without any apparent effect on the outcome. In a previous study, in which plates were used for ventral fixation and stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint, the screws also protruded into the vertebral canal without causing any problems, presumably because the cervical vertebral canal is wider than the diameter of the spinal cord at this location. Failure rate of up to 44% has been reported for all the processes of atlantoaxial ventral fixation if the surgery is deemed successful when resolution of neurological signs occurs, and there is no need for further surgery. According to this, the present case can be considered successful taking into account the clinical outcome after surgery, the rapid reduction of pain, return to ambulation and the absence of neurological deficits. We conclude that the locking plate was a viable alternative to other fixation techniques for fractures involving the second cervical vertebra in small animals since it allowed relative stability of the fracture and an excellent neurological recovery of the patient.