Hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) in a rural Brazilian population: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and vaccination.

BACKGROUND: People living in settlement projects represent an emergent rural population in Brazil. Data on their health is scarce and there are no data on viral hepatitis in this population. This study investigated the epidemiology of viral hepatitis A-E in residents of settlement projects in central Brazil. METHODS: During 2011 and 2012, 923 people living in rural settlements in central Brazil were interviewed and tested to estimate the prevalence of exposure to viral hepatitis A-E, to identify the circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and risk factors for HBV exposure and to evaluate adherence to the hepatitis B vaccination series. RESULTS: Overall, 85.9, 3.9, 0.4 and 17.3% of individuals showed evidence of exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus, HCV and HBV, respectively. Among HBV-DNA positive samples (n=8), subgenotypes A1 (n=3) and A2 (n=1) and genotype D/subgenotype D3 (n=4) were identified. Hepatitis D virus superinfection was detected in 0/16 HBsAg-positive participants. A total of 229 individuals showed serological evidence of HBV vaccination. In total, 442 settlers were eligible for vaccination, but only 150 individuals completed the vaccine series. All anti-HCV-positive samples (n=4) were also HCV-RNA positive and identified as subtype 1a. CONCLUSIONS: The intermediate endemicity of HAV, the higher prevalence of HBV exposure compared with urban areas and the low compliance with HBV vaccination requires preventive measures focused on rural populations, emphasizing the need for HAV and HBV vaccination.

Reconstruction of the spatial and temporal dynamics of hepatitis B virus genotype D in the Americas.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype D (HBV/D) is globally widespread, and ten subgenotypes (D1 to D10) showing distinct geographic distributions have been described to date. The evolutionary history of HBV/D and its subgenotypes, for which few complete genome sequences are available, in the Americas is not well understood. The main objective of the current study was to determine the full-length genomic sequences of HBV/D isolates from Brazil and frequency, origin and spread of HBV/D subgenotypes in the Americas. Complete HBV/D genomes isolated from 39 Brazilian patients infected with subgenotypes D1 (n = 1), D2 (n = 10), D3 (n = 27), and D4 (n = 1) were sequenced and analyzed together with reference sequences using the Bayesian coalescent and phylogeographic framework. A search for HBV/D sequences available in GenBank revealed 209 complete and 926 partial genomes from American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Haiti, Martinique, Mexico, USA and Venezuela), with the major circulating subgenotypes identified as D1 (26%), D2 (17%), D3 (36%), D4 (21%), and D7 (1%) within the continent. The detailed evolutionary history of HBV/D in the Americas was investigated by using different evolutionary time scales. Spatiotemporal reconstruction analyses using short-term substitution rates suggested times of the most recent common ancestor for the American HBV/D subgenotypes coincident with mass migratory movements to Americas during the 19th and 20th centuries. In particular, significant linkages between Argentina and Syria (D1), Brazil and Central/Eastern Europe (D2), USA and India (D2), and Brazil and Southern Europe (D3) were estimated, consistent with historical and epidemiological data.

Emergent predictors of hepatitis C infection among non-injection drug users.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents a significant public health issue, especially among high-risk populations, such as truck drivers, prisoners, people living with HIV, people living with tuberculosis, and people who are homeless. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed the data of 1600 individuals recruited from high-risk populations who denied the use of injection drugs and/or history of blood transfusion to better understand on epidemiology of HCV. RESULTS: The presence of HCV antibodies was independently associated with the following risk factors: age >40years, tattoo or body piercing, sharing of personal care items, and non-injection drug use. CONCLUSIONS: While the use of injection drugs is a prevalent mode of HCV transmission, the findings of this study indicate additional routes that lead to viral transmission among vulnerable populations. Since an HCV vaccine is not currently available, public health and education programs should be developed that specifically target high-risk populations to prevent infection acquisition and secondary transmission.

Low prevalence, low immunization and low adherence to full hepatitis B vaccine scheme and high-risk behaviors among crack cocaine users in central Brazil.

Crack cocaine users represent a target group for hepatitis B vaccination. We evaluate the HBV epidemiology, immunization status and compliance with a super-accelerated vaccination schedule among in-treatment crack cocaine users in central Brazil. Six hundred in-treatment crack cocaine users were interviewed, and serum samples were tested for HBV markers. A super-accelerated vaccination schedule of HBV vaccine was offered to all susceptible crack cocaine users. In total, 7.0% of those tested had at least one positive marker of HBV exposure. Age, use of crack cocaine through improvised pipe, exchange of sex for money/drugs and previous sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were predictors of HBV exposure. One hundred six (17.7%) individuals showed a serological profile of hepatitis B vaccination. Of these, 54.7% were less than 25 years old, and only 13% of individuals were more than 35 years old. Although 91.8% of crack users accepted the first vaccine dose, only 21.7% received all three doses. Of the 23 crack cocaine users who agreed to have their vaccine response evaluated, 78.3% developed protective anti-HBs titers. Premature termination of treatment was the most common reason for not receiving the full vaccine series. Despite the low prevalence of HBV exposure among in-treatment crack cocaine users in central Brazil, the low rate of immunization and the high frequency of high-risk behaviors highlight the potential for crack users to acquire and disseminate this infection and therefore maintain the viral reservoir. Health practitioners need to keep this in mind, taking advantage of all opportunities to access this population and vaccinate against HBV.

Prevalence, Risk Behaviors, and Virological Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Group of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Brazil: Results from a Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey.

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) compared with the general population. This study aims to assess the epidemiological and virological characteristics of HBV infection in a sample of MSM in Brazil, where data are scarce. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM in the City of Goiânia, Central Brazil, from March to November 2014, using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). After signing the consent form, participants were interviewed and a blood sample collected. All samples were tested for HBV serological markers and HBV DNA. HBV nucleotide sequence analysis was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 522 MSM were recruited in the study. The prevalence of HBV infection (current or past [presence of anti-HBc marker]) was 15.4% (95% CI: 8.7-25.8) and the rate of HBsAg carriers was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-1.6). About 40% (95% CI: 32.3-48.8) of the participants had serological evidence of previous HBV vaccination (reactive for isolated anti-HBs). In addition, 44.3% (95% CI: 36.1-52.9) were seronegative for all HBV markers. Age over 25 years old, receptive anal intercourse, previous sex with women, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were factors associated with HBV infection. HBV DNA was detected only in HBsAg-positive individuals. HBV isolates were classified into genotype A (subgenotypes A1 and A2), and some mutations were identified throughout the genome. Therefore, occult HBV infection was not observed in the study population. CONCLUSIONS: Public health strategies should be improved for the MSM population in order to prevent HBV and other STIs, as well as to provide appropriate management of patients with active infections.

HIV seroprevalence and high-risk sexual behavior among female sex workers in Central Brazil.

Female sex workers (FSWs) are considered a high-risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection due to their social vulnerability and factors associated with their work. We estimated the prevalence of HIV, and identified viral subtypes and risk factors among FSWs. A cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method was conducted among 402 FSWs in Campo Grande city, Brazil, from 2009 to 2011. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire about sociodemograpic characteristics and risk behavior. Blood samples were collected for serological testing of HIV. Of the 402 FSWs, median age and age of initiating sex work were 25 years (Interquartile range [IQR]: 9) and 20 years (IQR: 6), respectively. The majority reported use of alcohol (88.5%), had 5-9 years (median: 9; IQR: 3) of schooling (54.5%), 68.6% had tattoos/body piercings, and 45.1% had more than seven clients per week (median: 7; IQR: 10). Only 32.9% of FSW reported using a condom with nonpaying partners in the last sexual contact. Prevalence of HIV infection was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.1-2.6%). Genotyping for HIV-1 performed on three samples detected subtypes B, C, and F1. Sex work in the Midwestern region of Brazil is characterized by reduced education, large numbers of clients per week, and inconsistent condom use, mainly with nonpaying partners. Although prevalence of HIV infection is currently low, elevated levels of high-risk sexual behavior confirm a need to implement prevention measures. Specific interventions targeting FSWs must emphasize the risk associated with both clients and nonpaying partners while providing knowledge about HIV prevention.

Genetic diversity of HCV in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have documented the molecular epidemiological scenario of HCV within individual Brazilian states, but we still have an incomplete understanding of the dispersion dynamics of the virus in different regions throughout the country. METHODS: A total of 676 HCV NS5B gene sequences of subtypes 1a (n=321), 1b (n=170) and 3a (n=185), isolated from seven different Brazilian states covering four out of five regions were analysed in the present study. We also analysed 22 HCV NS5B gene sequences of minor genetic variants including genotype 2 (n=13), genotype 4 (n=6) and subtype 5a (n=3). Brazilian HCV sequences were aligned with sequences of non-Brazilian origin and subjected to maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: These analyses revealed that the Brazilian HCV epidemic resulted from multiple introductions and autochthonous transmission of subtypes 1a, 1b, 3a and genotypes 2, 4 and 5. Brazilian HCV subtype 1a epidemic is dominated by the dissemination of one major clade; while Brazilian HCV subtypes 1b and 3a epidemics are characterized by concurrent dissemination of several independent HCV lineages. Some HCV Brazilian lineages of subtypes 1a, 1b, 2b and 3a were successful in becoming established and disseminated through several regions in the country. Despite significant phylogenetic intermixing of Brazilian sequences, the distribution of HCV strains from different states across lineages was not completely homogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the existence of multiple introductions and local propagation of both prevalent and uncommon HCV genetic variants in Brazil and identify some major Brazilian HCV clades with nationwide dissemination. This study also suggests that the observed HCV diversity in Brazil has been shaped by both frequent viral migration among regions and in situ viral dissemination.

Presence of maternal anti-HBs antibodies does not influence hepatitis B vaccine response in Brazilian neonates.

Recently, it was suggested that maternal hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies (anti-HBs) acquired transplacentally could play a negative role in newborn infants' immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine. We compared the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine response in infants born to mothers previously vaccinated against HBV (n = 91) to infants born to mothers who were not previously vaccinated (n = 221). All newborn infants received three intramuscular doses (10 µg) of HBV vaccine (Butang®) at 0,1 and six months. The first dose was administered at the maternity hospital within 12 h of birth. The geometric mean titres of anti-HBs were not different among newborn infants born to mothers who were anti-HBs-negative (492.7 mIU/mL) and anti-HBs-positive (578.7 mIU/mL) (p = 0.38). Eight infants did not respond to the HBV vaccine. Of them, six were born to anti-HBs-negative mothers and two were born to mothers with anti-HBs titres less than 50 mlU/mL. Despite the mother's anti-HBs-positive status, our data show a good immunogenicity of the Brazilian HBV recombinant vaccine in neonates.

Epidemic history of Hepatitis C virus in Brazil.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes 1a, 1b and 3a are the most prevalent strains in Brazil, but very little is known about the epidemic history of these subtypes in the country. A total of 231 HCV NS5B gene sequences (subtype 1a=89, subtype 1b=56, and subtype 3a=86) isolated in Brazil between 1995 and 2007 were analyzed in the present study. Sequences (328-pb) were subjected to phylogenetic analyses and statistical tests of phylogenetic mixing by sampling location and risk group. Our results revealed important variations in the pattern of HCV transmission among subtypes. Transmission of subtype 1a was characterized by dissemination of one major Brazilian lineage with a random virus exchange between different geographical regions but not between IDU and non-IDU populations. Transmission of subtype 1b was characterized by concurrent dissemination of multiple HCV lineages with a restricted virus exchange between country regions and risk groups. Transmission of subtype 3a was characterized by simultaneous spreading of multiple HCV lineages and random phylogenetic mixing by risk group and sampling location. Epidemic histories of major subtypes 1a, 1b and 3a Brazilian clades were estimated using a Bayesian coalescent approach. Our results indicate that all major HCV Brazilian clades probably start to circulate in the country during the second half of the 20th century and displayed roughly similar epidemic histories characterized by an initial phase of exponential expansion and by reduction of growth rates since 1980-1995. This suggests that the expansion of HCV may have been effectively controlled in Brazil.

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes were determined in hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil, by sequencing of the 5' noncoding (NC) and nonstructural 5B (NS5B) regions. From 761 patients, 66 anti-HCV-positive samples were tested for HCV RNA. All 51 HCV RNA-positive samples by PCR of the 5' NC region were genotyped as genotypes 1 (90.2%) and 3 (9.8%). Subtype 1a (82.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 3a (9.8%), 1b (5.9%) and 1a/1b (2.0%). Forty-two samples could be amplified and genotyped in the NS5B region: 38 (90.5%) as genotype 1, subtypes 1a, and 8 (9.5%) as genotype 3, subtype 3a. For the 42 samples sequenced in both regions, the genotypes and subtypes determined were concordant in 100% and 95.2% of cases, respectively. Two samples presented discrepant results, with the 5' NC region not distinguishing correctly the subtypes 1a and 1b. These findings indicate that the HCV genotype 1, subtype 1a, is the most prevalent among hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil.

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil / Genótipos do vírus da hepatite C em pacientes em hemodiálise no Distrito Federal, Brasil

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes were determined in hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil, by sequencing of the 5' noncoding (NC) and nonstructural 5B (NS5B) regions. From 761 patients, 66 anti-HCV-positive samples were tested for HCV RNA. All 51 HCV RNA-positive samples by PCR of the 5' NC region were genotyped as genotypes 1 (90.2 percent) and 3 (9.8 percent). Subtype 1a (82.3 percent) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 3a (9.8 percent), 1b (5.9 percent) and 1a/1b (2.0 percent). Forty-two samples could be amplified and genotyped in the NS5B region: 38 (90.5 percent) as genotype 1, subtypes 1a, and 8 (9.5 percent) as genotype 3, subtype 3a. For the 42 samples sequenced in both regions, the genotypes and subtypes determined were concordant in 100 percent and 95.2 percent of cases, respectively. Two samples presented discrepant results, with the 5' NC region not distinguishing correctly the subtypes 1a and 1b. These findings indicate that the HCV genotype 1, subtype 1a, is the most prevalent among hemodialysis patients in the Federal District, Brazil.

Os genótipos e subtipos do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) foram determinados em pacientes em hemodiálise no Distrito Federal, Brasil, pelo sequenciamento das regiões 5' não codificante (NC) e não estrutural 5B (NS5B). De 761 pacientes, 66 amostras anti-HCV positivas foram testadas para RNA-HCV. Todas as 51 amostras RNA-HCV positivas por PCR para a região 5' NC foram genotipadas como dos genótipos 1 (90,2 por cento) e 3 (9,8 por cento). O subtipo 1a (82,3 por cento) foi o mais prevalente, seguido pelos subtipos 3a (9,8 por cento), 1b (5,9 por cento) e 1a/1b (2,0 por cento). Quarenta e duas amostras puderam ser amplificadas e genotipadas na região NS5B: 38 (90,5 por cento) como genótipo 1, subtipo 1a, e 8 (9,5 por cento) como genótipo 3, subtipo 3a. Para as 42 amostras sequenciadas nas duas regiões, os genótipos e subtipos determinados foram concordantes em 100 por cento e 95,2 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. Duas amostras apresentaram resultados discrepantes, sendo que a região 5' NC não diferenciou corretamente os subtipos 1a e 1b. Estes achados indicam que o genótipo 1, subtipo 1a, do HCV é o mais prevalente em pacientes em hemodiálise no Distrito Federal, Brasil.

Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users, Central-Western Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and identify risk factors associated and circulating HCV genotypes and subtypes. METHODS: Study conducted including 691 drug users attending 26 charitable, private and public drug treatment centers in Goiânia and Campo Grande, central-western Brazil, between 2005 and 2006. Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for HCV infection were collected during interviews. Blood samples were tested for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV). Positive samples were submitted to HCV RNA detection by PCR with primers complementary to 5' NC and NS5B regions of viral genome and genotyped by line probe assay (LiPA) and direct nucleotide sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence and odds ratio were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Risk factors were first estimated in the univariate analysis (p<0.10) and then analyzed by hierarchical logistic regression. Statistical significance was assessed at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.2-9.2). The multivariate analysis of risk factors revealed that age over 30 years and injecting drug use were associated with HCV infection. HCV RNA was detected in 85.4% (41/48) of anti-HCV-positive samples. Thirty-three samples were genotyped as genotype 1 by LiPA, subtypes 1a (63.4%) and 1b (17.1%), and 8 samples (19.5%) were genotype 3, subtype 3a. The phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B region showed that 17 (68%), 5 (20%), and 3 (12%) samples were subtypes 1a, 3a, and 1b, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results show a high prevalence of HCV infection and predominance of subtype 1a among drug users in Brazil. In addition, injecting drug use was a major risk factor associated with HCV infection.

Prevalência, fatores de risco e genótipos da hepatite C entre usuários de drogas / Prevalencia, factores de riesgo y genotipos de la hepatitis C entre usuarios de drogas / Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users, Central-Western Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo como instrumento de triagem no sistema público de saúde. MÉTODOS: A Escala foi administrada entre o 40° e 90° dia do pós-parto, a 245 mulheres que tiveram parto em uma maternidade privada no município de Belo Horizonte (MG), entre 2005 e 2006. As participantes foram submetidas a uma entrevista psiquiátrica estruturada (Mini-Plus 5.0) utilizada como padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de depressão. Foram calculadas sensibilidade e especificidade da escala e utilizou-se a curva ROC para achar o melhor ponto de corte. Foi utilizado o teste t de Student para comparação das variáveis numéricas e o qui-quadrado para as variáveis categóricas. A confiabilidade foi aferida pelo coeficiente de consistência interna alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticadas 66 mulheres com o quadro depressivo pós-parto (26,9 por cento da amostra). Não houve diferença entre mulheres com e sem depressão pós-parto em relação à idade, escolaridade, número de partos anteriores e estado civil. Utilizando-se o ponto de corte de 10, a sensibilidade da escala foi 86,4, a especificidade 91,1 e o valor preditivo positivo 0,78. CONCLUSÕES: As propriedades psicométricas da Escala a carcterizam como um bom instrumento de triagem da depressão pós-parto e seu uso disseminado no Sistema Único de Saúde poderia repercutir positivamente com aumento significativo na taxa de reconhecimento, diagnóstico, e tratamento da depressão pós parto.

Compliance with and response to hepatitis B vaccination in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil.

Compliance with and responses to the hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 708 individuals who were susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection were invited to participate in the hepatitis B vaccination program in eight communities. Although 567 (80%) individuals received the first dose, only 198 (28%) complied with the full vaccination scheme. Of 148 subjects who agreed to be tested for anti-HBs, 123 (83.1%; 95%CI: 75.9-88.6) responded to the vaccine. A geometric mean titer of 512mIU/mL (95%CI: 342.5-765.3) was found. Male sex and older age were independently associated with non-response. Additional health education programs and alternative hepatitis B vaccine schedules are needed to improve the vaccination coverage in these communities in Central Brazil.

Compliance with and response to hepatitis B vaccination in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil / Adesão e resposta à vacinação contra hepatite B em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central

Compliance with and responses to the hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 708 individuals who were susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection were invited to participate in the hepatitis B vaccination program in eight communities. Although 567 (80 percent) individuals received the first dose, only 198 (28 percent) complied with the full vaccination scheme. Of 148 subjects who agreed to be tested for anti-HBs, 123 (83.1 percent; 95 percentCI: 75.9-88.6) responded to the vaccine. A geometric mean titer of 512mIU/mL (95 percentCI: 342.5-765.3) was found. Male sex and older age were independently associated with non-response. Additional health education programs and alternative hepatitis B vaccine schedules are needed to improve the vaccination coverage in these communities in Central Brazil.

A adesão e resposta à vacina contra hepatite B foram avaliadas em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central. Um total de 708 indivíduos suscetíveis à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B foi convidado para participar do programa de vacinação contra hepatite B em oito comunidades. Apesar de 567 (80 por cento) indivíduos terem recebido a primeira dose, somente 198 (28 por cento) aderiram ao esquema completo de vacinação. De 148 sujeitos que concordaram em dosar o anti-HBs, 123 (83,1 por cento; IC95 por cento: 75,9-88,6) responderam à vacina. Um título geométrico médio de 512mUI/mL (IC95 por cento: 342,5-765,3) foi encontrado. Sexo masculino e idade foram independentemente associados com ausência de resposta. Programas adicionais de educação em saúde e esquemas alternativos de vacinação contra hepatite B são necessários para melhorar a cobertura vacinal nessas comunidades no Brasil Central.

Epidemiological study of hepatitis A, B and C in the largest Afro-Brazilian isolated community.

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and molecular epidemiological features of viral hepatitis A, B and C in the Kalunga population, which represents the largest Afro-Brazilian isolated community. Among 878 individuals studied, the overall prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies was 80.9%, with a significant rise from 44.8% to near 100% between the first and fourth decade of life. Rates for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) of 1.8% and 35.4%, respectively, were found. Increasing age, male gender, illiteracy and history of multiple sexual partners were associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. An occult HBV infection rate of 1.7% (5/295) was found among anti-HBc-positive individuals. HBV genotype A (subtype Aa) was dominant in this community. Only 5/878 individuals (0.6%) were positive for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV RNA was detected in three of them, who were infected with genotype 1 (subtype 1a). These findings point out high, intermediate and low endemicity for hepatitis A, B and C, respectively, in the Kalunga community in Brazil. Circulation of HBV genotype A (subtype Aa) in this Afro-Brazilian isolated community indicates the introduction of this virus during the slave trade from Africa to Brazil.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and risk factors in Brazilian non-injecting drug users.

Non-injecting drug users are at high-risk for acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), although the factors contributing to this increased risk are not known. In the present study, the overall and occult HBV infection prevalence rates were determined in a large population of non-injecting drug users in the Central-West region of Brazil. HBV genotypes and predictors of infection were also identified. A total of 852 individuals in 34 drug treatment centers were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for the presence of HBV markers by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HBc-positive samples were tested for HBV DNA by PCR. Samples with HBV DNA were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 14% (95% CI: 11.7-16.5). A multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that age >30 years, non-white race/ethnicity, duration of drug use >10 years, lifetime number of sexual partners >10, non-use of condoms, and HCV and HIV status were associated significantly with HBV infection. Of the 9 (1%) HBsAg-reactive samples, HBV DNA was present in 2/2 of HBeAg-positive and in 5/7 anti-HBe-positive samples. An occult HBV infection rate of 2.7% (3/110) was found among anti-HBc-positive individuals. All HBV DNA-positive samples were genotyped: seven were genotype A, two were genotype D, and one was genotype F. Finally, few individuals (8%) had serological evidence of a previous HBV vaccination. These findings indicate that preventive interventions are needed for both sexual and drug-related high-risk behavior. Additionally, non-injecting drug users should be targeted for HBV vaccination.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil.

In order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil, 1,007 subjects were interviewed in all 12 communities existing in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Blood samples were collected and sera were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive samples were retested for confirmation using a line immunoassay and were also subjected to HCV RNA detection. The prevalence of HCV infection was 0.2%. This finding shows a low prevalence of HCV infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil / Prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central

In order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil, 1,007 subjects were interviewed in all 12 communities existing in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Blood samples were collected and sera were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive samples were retested for confirmation using a line immunoassay and were also subjected to HCV RNA detection. The prevalence of HCV infection was 0.2 percent. This finding shows a low prevalence of HCV infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil.

Com objetivo de estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central, 1.007 indivíduos foram entrevistados nas 12 comunidades quilombolas existentes no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Central. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas e os soros testados para anti-HCV pelo ensaio imunoenzimático. As amostras positivas foram testadas pelo ensaio confirmatório "line immunoassay" e também submetidas à detecção do RNA-HCV. A prevalência da infecção pelo HCV foi de 0,2 por cento. Este achado mostra uma baixa prevalência da infecção pelo HCV em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central.