Neuroproteomics: an insight into ALS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown aetiology. Diagnosis is made through physical examination, electrophysiological findings, and by excluding other conditions. There is not a single biomarker that concludes the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate differentially expressed proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients compared to control subjects, with the purpose to identify a panel of possible biomarkers for the disease. The differentially expressed spots/proteins were submitted to two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and recognized with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Parkin-like and many iron and zinc binding were some of the proteins found in ALS CSF. Parkin is a ligase involved in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of recessive familial Parkinson's disease. Iron and zinc are involved with many important metabolic processes and are related to neurodegenerative disease. Common features of ALS comprise failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and increased levels of metal ions in the brain. Therefore, the identification of these proteins can be a significant step in ALS research. These and other identified proteins are discussed in this study.

Clinical significance of macroscopic completeness of mesorectal resection in rectal cancer.

AIM: Local recurrence after resection of rectal cancer is usually regarded as being due to a 'failure' of surgery. The completeness of resection of the mesorectum has been proposed as an indicator of the 'quality' of the resection. We determined the prognostic value of macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimens and the circumferential resection margin (CRM) after curative surgery. METHOD: From 1999 to 2006, the macroscopic quality of the mesorectum and the CRM were prospectively assessed in 127 patients who underwent rectal cancer resection with curative intent (R0+R1). Chemoradiotherapy was administered for 61 tumours staged as locally advanced tumours (T3, T4 and N+). Univariate analysis of time to local recurrence and cancer-free survival were tested (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate analysis calculated with a Cox regression model. RESULTS: The mesorectum was incomplete in 34 (26.8%) patients. At a median follow up of 34 months (range, 9-96 months), in the group with an adequate mesorectal excision, the cumulative risk of local recurrence at 5 years was 10%. This was 25% if the mesorectum was incomplete (P < 0.01). Five-year cancer-free survival was 65% if the mesorectal excision was adequate and 47% if it was not (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified T status, the CRM and the mesorectal score as independent factors for local recurrence, and T and N status and the mesorectal score as independent factors for disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: The outcome of surgical treatment of rectal cancer is related to the completeness of mesorectal excision. It is a more discriminative prognostic factor than the classic tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) system.

What is the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on the leaf plasticity of coffee plants grown under full-sun and shady conditions?

Stomata are crucial in land plant productivity and survival. In general, with lower irradiance, stomatal and epidermal cell frequency per unit leaf area decreases, whereas guard-cell length or width increases. Nevertheless, the stomatal index is accepted as remaining constant. The aim of this paper to study the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on leaf plasticity and the influence of these characteristics on stomata density, index, and sizes, in the total number of stomata, as well as the detailed distribution of stomata on a leaf blade. As a result, a highly significant positive correlation (R²(a) = 0.767 p ≤ 0.001) between stomatal index and stomatal density, and with ordinary epidermal cell density (R²(a) = 0.500 p ≤ 0.05), and a highly negative correlation between stomatal index and ordinary epidermal cell area (R²(a) = -0.571 p ≤ 0.001), were obtained. However in no instance was the correlation between stomatal index or stomatal density and stomatal dimensions taken into consideration. The study also indicated that in coffee, the stomatal index was 19.09% in shaded leaves and 20.08% in full-sun leaves. In this sense, variations in the stomatal index by irradiance, its causes and the consequences on plant physiology were discussed.

Incidência de mortalidade embrionária em ovelhas submetidas à inseminaçäo artificial / Embryonic mortality in sheep inseminated artificially

A pesquisa incidiu sobre 170 ovelhas adultas da raça Corriedale, criadas em regime extensivo, sob moderadas condiçöes de nutriçäo, com peso médio de 35-40 kg, divididas em cinco grupos, sendo dois com estro induzido hormonalmente. O trabalho foi efetuado durante as estaçöes reprodutivas de 1986 e 1988, e os animais foram inseminados com sêmen fresco e congelado, pelas vias cervical e intra-uterina, esta mediante laparoscopia. A mortalidade embrionária foi medida indiretamente, pela relaçäo entre o número de fetos e o número de corpos lúteos encontrados nas ovelhas abatidas e que näo retornaram ao estro no prazo de 20 dias. A incidência da mortalidade embrionária mostrou-se equivalente quando se empregou o sêmen congelado pelas vias cervical e intra-uterina. O mesmo ocorreu com o uso do sêmen fresco e congelado pela via cervical, quando se utilizou o estro espontâneo. A mortalidade embrionária foi significativamente maior quando se aplicou sêmen congelado, tanto pela via cervical como intra-uterina, no estro induzido. O tratamento hormonal apesar de lograr aumento da taxa ovulatória näo influiu favoravelmente na prolificidade das ovelhas tratadas näo sendo por isso indicado para rebanhos que näo estejam em condiçöes nutritivas favoráveis

Provavel criptococose pulmonar causada por Cryptococcus neoformans nao-capsulado. / Probable pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by non-capsulated Cryptococcus neoformans

E relatado um provavel caso de criptococose pulmonar. Nos nodulos subpleurais foi verificada reacao granulomatosa onde havia grande numero de C. neoformans nao capsulados. E discutida a importancia do conhecimento dessas e de outras variacoes morfologicas do microrganismo para o diagnostico laboratorial da micose